F 666 
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Map of Nebraska. 





THE OLDEST INHABITANT. 



"When Shall We Three Meet Again?' 




SITTING BULL, BUFFALO BILL. 



H Conbenseb THistorig of IRebraska 
for 3^ift)2 ^caxQ to Bate 



PROFUSELY and APPROPRIATELY 
ILLUSTRATED 



Compiled by Geo. W. Hervet, Editor, and Published 



OMAHA, NEB. 



DECEMBEE, 1903 



HV ot CONeRESS 
('■oDies fter.«tvtsd 
L 21 1904 

myrtfht Entry 

o. 5- iqo3 

!S '^ XXo. No. 
COPY "? 



Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 



OPINIONS OF PROMINENT MEN ON THE VALUE AND 

IMPORTANCE OF A BOOKLET AS CONTEMPLATED 

The book on "Nebraska's Resources Illustrated" will supply a long-felt 
want. I wish it success. — E. A. Burnett, Director Nebraska Experiment 
Station. 

I think that such a book as contemplated by you will be very valuable 
if the field is thoroughly covered and the description of the industries is 
faithful, exact and complete. — R. M. Allen, General Manager Standard 
Cattle Company. 

A pamphlet such as I understand you purpose getting out. and which 
your prospectus outlines, giving a full showing of Nebraska's resources, 
will prove a valuable aid in the hands of land agents and others in con- 
nection with their work of inducing immigration to Nebraska. — J. Francis, 
General Passenger Agent B. & M. R. R. 

In regard to a booklet giving information in general as to Nebraska, 
as outlined by Nebraska Farmer, believe it would be one of the most 
desirable, acceptable and appreciated works that could be distributed East 
and West. Have lived in the state many years, traveled over it extensively 
and would appreciate such a publication. — Henry C. Smith, Dealer in Real 
Estate. 

I think that a condensed history of Nebraska and its resources would 
be of much value to the state, and I feel sure that if edited by G. W. Hervey 
it will be a book worthy of distribution. There is no question but a book 
of this kind is needed, and I wish you abundant success in the enterprise. — 
Peter Youngers, Nurseryman and Member of Board of Managers of State 
Board of Agriculture. 

I feel sure that "Nebraska's Resources Illustrated" will be not only 
attractive, but most valuable to those interested in the state's development, 
the resident and the "stranger within our gates." The fact that Mr. G. W. 
Hervey has been interested in the compilation of it guarantees its intrinsic 
worth and accuracy. Success to the Nebraska Farmer in this laudable en- 
terprise. — Bartlett Richards. President Nebraska Land & Feeding Company. 

A booklet carefully arranged and easy of reference setting forth Ne- 
braska's resources would prove of great value to many classes of people, 
such as teachers, bankers, lawyers, real estate men and others dealing moi-e 
or less with the public. A booklet of this kind would be a fine advertise- 
ment to be sent out to people in other states who contemplate a change of 
residence. I feel assured that your forthcoming publication, under the 
direction of Mr. Hervey as its editor, will meet the demands of the public. — 
W- A. Poynter, Ex-Governor. 

In my opinion a brief history of the state of Nebraska in a condensed 
form would be particularly appreciated by the public at this time. Next 
year is the fiftieth anniversary of the settlement of this state, and it wouli 
be very appropriate to bring out a publication which will to some extent 
enlighten the world on the wonderful progress which has been made in 
this short time. I believe no one is better qualified to prepare this history 
than your excellent paper "The Nebraska Farmer," and I sincerely hop 
you will undertake the work. — G. W. Wattles, President Union Natlona 
Bank, Omaha. 

Ordinarily I should not be willing to endorse any book publishing en- 
terprise, but there is much in the prospectus of your "Nebraska's Resources 
Illustrated" whicli commends itself to me. Any new and undeveloped ?tate 
like Nebraska can be greatly benefited by having its history and resources 
attractively set forth in a moderate-sized book, providing a wide circulation 
for the worlc can be secured. Mr. Hervey I know to be admirably quali.ied 
to produce such a book, and the Nebraska Farmer is certainly able to gl\'i 
it wide circulation. I wish the enterprise the success that Its ambitlcn 
merits. — G. M. Hitchcock, Member of Congress, and Publisher of Woilu- 
Herald. 



Physical Geography. 



PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF NEBRASKA. 

Nebraska has an area of 76,840 square miles, and contains 49,177,600 
acres of land. It is about 200 miles wide from north to south, and 400 
miles long from east to west. The geographical center of the state has 
been placed near Broken Bow, the county seat of Custer county. 

The lands of Nebraska may properly be placed in two distinct classi- 
fications, agricultural lands and grazing lands. The eastern half of the 
state is a rich, prairie district, gently rolling and well adapted to general 
agricultural pursuits, except a very small portion along the Missouri river, 
which may be classed hilly or broken, but is no less productive. 

Soil. — A description of the soil over this part of the state will be more 
readily understood by the terms clay loam and sandy loam. Originally 
sandy loam was the distinctive characteristic of all lands in the state, of 
an agricultural nature, but the changing influences which have been at 
work during these years of cultivationhave caused a mouldering and slack- 
ing of the sand particles in the soil, until large districts once regarded as 
quite sandy are now almost without a trace of sand in the soil. Of these 
two general classifications, clay loam and sandy loam, there are many 
varieties or conditions. The lighter sandy soils are rapidly changing to 
the darker, heavier loams. This is readily observed by the tiller, who 
finds that each year's plowing and cultivation causes the ground to show 
darker, and contain a much larger .per cent of fine dirt, and a correspond- 
ingly less per cent of sand. This mouldering, slacking process is facili- 
tated by cultivation, the turning of the sand particles up to the influence 
of the atmosphere; thus increased cultivation, with the changing influ- 
ences that the elements are exerting are responsible for the entire acre- 
age of Nebraska growing richer in soil properties, and ability to produce 
larger crops of grasses and grains. 

The central part of the state contains large districts of smooth 
prairie, but all of it sufficiently rolling to admit of perfect drainage, mak- 
ing these the finest of corn and small grain lands. In this part of the 
state the natural advantages for fine farm homes cannot be excelled. 

The western half of the state is called the stock raising district, on 
account of its vast opeu ranges of unoccupied government lands, which 
produce the finest grazing for stock that can be found anywhere in the 
United States. Many of the varieties of grasses that grow in this section 
of the state possess the peculiar quality of curing on the ground, and 
retaining their nutritive properties as a feed almost equal to the fall 
pasture, making it possible for stock to pass the entire winter on the 
range, independent of any assistance from prepared feed. 

Water. — The main water courses are the valleys traversed by the 
Platte, Elkhorn, Niobrara, Republican and Loup rivers. These with their 
numerous tributaries form a system of water supply and drainage that is 
equalled by no other district of similar area in the United States. Living 
springs are to be found all over the state, especially in that part desig- 
nated as the North Platte country are they numerous. These little spring 
streams that may be seen coursing their way through the almost level 
prairies, to join others in the more defined valleys, help to make up the 



6 Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 

surface water for stock. In the Niobrara district on the northern side 
of the state there are, in addition to the springs and streams, numerous 
small lakes scattered over large areas of valley lands, called hay flats. 
These hay valleys furnish feed for tens of thousands of cattle and horses 
and the lakes are their source of water supply. There is also an inex- 
haustible under supply of water which is called sheet water, and is pro- 
cured at uniform depths in almost all parts of the state. The average 
depth to the sheet water throughout all the district of country on the 
north side of the Platte river will not exceed forty feet. Artesian basins 
of inexhaustible water supply are found in various parts of the state, and 
in some places are used quite extensively for irrigation purposes. Few 
districts of country have more or better water than Nebraska. 

Timber. — The area in native timber is small, being confined to narrow 
belts along the streams, and where not protected from the prairie fires in 
the early years of settlement, is not of a quality that would attach to it 
much commercial importance. The cultivated timber on the improved 
farms, from their rapid growth and excellent quality, are now attracting 
much attention. It was largely due to this feature of timber development 
that the government Bureau of Forestry was induced to set aside a timber 
reserve in Nebraska, and at once commence the work of cultivating for- 
ests on these lands. It is a well recognized fact that in no section of 
country can there be found such timber growth as is presented among 
the many varieties of forest trees now in the cultivated groves and forests 
of Nebraska. Hundreds of farms in the state are now supplied with all 
the wood and saw timber demanded for fuel and building purposes from 
the groves planted by the early settlers of the state. 

At the World's Fair in 1903, Nebraska exhibited 130 varieties of na- 
tive and cultivated forest timber, while the next largest exhibit num- 
bered 70, made by Wisconsin. The interest that Nebraska has taken in 
the cultivation of trees of all kinds is set forth impressively by "Arbor 
Day," which originated in Nebraska by a Nebraska citizen, the late Hon. 
J. Sterling Morton. 

Stone. — Rock and building stone of various kinds and qualities form 
an important feature of the state's natural resources. On the northern 
side of the state, along the Missouri and Niobrara rivers and their tribu- 
taries, numerous ledges of rock are to be found. Sandstone, chalk rock, 
limestone and magnesia rock abound; all these have been quarried and 
used for building purposes. A superior quality of magnesia rock is used 
in complete structure of banks, store buildings and residences at Valen- 
tine, in Cherry county, where extensive quarries can be opened at com- 
paratively little labor or expense. The most extensive quarries operated 
in the state are in Cass county, where inexhaustible beds of building rock 
of excellent quality are had by simply stripping or uncovering the strata. 

Coal, Fire Clay and Mineral Clays. — Coal has been reported from va- 
rious parts of the state, but at depths and in quantities that did not war- 
rant investment in mining. Fire clay and mineral clays are found all 
along the northern counties, and in quantities and quality that will jus- 
tify operating. Fuller's earth was discovered a few years ago near Val- 
entine by C. H. Cornell, the superior quality of which has received the 
endorsement of the leading packing establishments of this country. 



Capitol of Nebraska. 




Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 



CLIMATIC ADVANTAGES OF NEBRASKA. 

The superior climatic advantages, both foi^man and beast, that Ne- 
braska possesses over other sections of the country are worthy the obser- 
vation of all considerate persons. The air is dry and pure, free from 
miasmatic and malarial poisons so common in the rich prairie districts 
of the West. The clearness and purity of the atmosphere have been the 
wonder and admiration of thousands and tens of thousands of visitors 
and travelers through Nebraska, who came from less favored districts. 
A number of circumstances combine to make the atmosphere of Nebraska 
exceptionally pure and clear. Its mean elevation of 2,312 feet above sea 
level, its general slope towards the southwest, the direction the prevailing 
winds travel, its distance from the sea, the constant motion of its atmos- 
phere, the general character of its porous soils, which readily absorb all 
surface moisture, its perfect natural drainage and its general freedom 
from swamps, sloughs and marshy lands, all combine to give the purest 
atmosphere. These conditions, free it from the contaminating influence 
of atmospheric poisons, usual where these active agencies do not exist. 
An evidence of the purity of the Nebraska atmosphere is readily ob- 
served with the naked eye, in the great distance that objects can be seen. 
From high elevations the average eyesight will travel miles without the 
aid of artificial means, thus again proving the excellent condition of 
the air. 

The eastern half of the state has an average elevation of 1,700 feet 
above sea level; the western half, 3,525 feet. The average elevation of 
the whole line would be 2,612 feet; the average elevation of the entire 
state is 2,312 feet above sea level. This fact alone is evidence of the 
healthfulness of Nebraska climate. 





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BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF NEBRASKA FARMER COMPANY. 



Nebraska Fifty Years Ago. 



NEBRASKA FIFTY YEARS AGO. 

On the 14th day of December, 1853, fifty years ago, Augustus C. 
Dodge, Senator from Iowa, introduced a bill in the United States Senate 
to organize the Territory of Nebraska. The following is the text of the 
organic act which created Nebraska Territory: 

"Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United States of America in Congress assembled, that all that part of the 
territory of the United States included within the following limits, except 
such portions thereof as are hereinafter expressly exempted from the 
operations of this act to-wit: Beginning- at a point on the Missouri river 
where the fortieth parallel of north latitude crosses the same; thence west 
on said parallel to the east boundary of the territory of Utah, on the sum- 
mit of the Rocky mountains; thence on said summit northward to the 
forty-ninth parallel of north latitude; thence east on said parallel to the 
western boundary of the territory of Minnesota; thence southward on said 
boundary to the Missouri river; thence down the main channel of said 
river to the place of beginning, and the same is hereby created into a tem- 
porary government by the name of the Territory of Nebraska." 

Thus the beginning of active legislation that resulted in Nebraska 
becoming a government under organic law. This bill was passed during 
the session in which it was introduced, and was approved May 30, 1854. 
The first officers appointed by President Pierce, under the provisions of 
the bill creating Nebraska Territory were: Francis Burt of South Caro- 
lina, Governor; Thomas B. Cuming of Iowa, Secretary; Fenner Ferguson 
of Michigan, Chief Justice; James Bradley of 'Indiana, and Edward R. 
Hardin of Georgia, Associate Justices; Mark W. Izard of Arkansas, Mar- 
shal; and Experience Esterbrook of Wisconsin, Attorney. 

Governor Burt died soon after reaching Bellevue. On his arrival he 
became the guest of Rev. Hamilton, then in charge of the Presbyterian 
mission station at that place. He received the oath of office October 16, 

1854, and died two days later. He was succeeded by Gov. M. W. Izard 
by appointment. The first formal census of the territory was taken in 

1855, when the population was 4,491. The first Auditor's statement of the 
valuation of property, both personal and real, in the territory, was 
$617,822. Nebraska's struggle for statehood was not so universally en- 
dorsed as its territorial ambition. Its first legislative work as a state 
was commenced under the official guidance of Gov. David Butler, May 16, 
1867. 

Early Settlement of Nebraska. — The early history of the territory 
which now comprises the State of Nebraska commences with the settle- 
ment at Bellevue, which was the first trading point established on the 
Missouri river as far north as the mouth of the Platte. In 1810 the Ameri 
can Fur Company established an agency there. In 1823 Peter A. Sarpy 
became agent for the American Fur Company and for more than thirty 
years was the recognized leading spirit in that locality, Sarpy county 
being named for him. In 1846 the Presbyterian Board of Missions sent 
Rev. Edward McKinney to Bellevue to establish a school. He built a log 
house for his residence, and two years later the necessary buildings were 
erected for his mission work. Bellevue continued to be a stronghold in 
carrying forward the mission work and is today represented by a highly 
prosperous Presbyterian College. 



10 Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 



GOVERNORS OF NEBRASKA. 

Dnvid Butler, from February 21, 1867, to June 2. 1871. Elected In 1S66, 
but did not enter upon the duties of the office until the admission of the 
state into the Union. 

Robert W. Furnnn. from January 13, 1873. to January 11, 1875. Born in 
Ohio, May 5. 1824. Practical printer and editor. Came to Nebraska, 1855. 
Served in the Civil war. 

Silas Garbcr, from January 11, 1875, to January 9, 1879. Born in Ohio, 
September 21, 1833. Served with distinction all through the Civil war. 
Settled in Webster county, Nebraska, 1870. Represented Webster, Nuckolls 
and Jefferson counties in the Legislature. Probate Judge. For one year 
Register of the United States Land Office at Lincoln. 

Albinus IVnnce, from January 9, 1879, to January 4, 1883. Born in 
Illinoi.s, March 30, 1848. Lawyer, admitted to the bar, 1870. Member of 
the State Legislature, 1874-8. 

James AV. Da^es, from January 4, 1883, to January 6, 18S7. Born in 
Ohio, January 8, 1845. Lawyer, admitted to the bar in 1871. State Senator, 
1887. 

John M. Thayer, from January 6, 1887, to January 8. 1891. Born in 
Massachusetts, January 24, 1820. Graduate of Brown University. Colonel 
and Brigadier General of the United States Volunteers, 1861-5. United 
States Senator, 1867-71. Governor of Wyoming territory, 1875-9. Depart- 
ment Commander G. A. R., Nebraska, 1886. 

James B. Boyd/ from January 8, 1891, to January 13, 1893. Born in Ire- 
land, September 9, 1834. Came to ITnited States. 1844; settled in Nebraska, 
1856. Member of the first State Legislature, 1866. Mayor of Omaha, 1881-3 
and 1885-7. 

Lorenzo Crounse, from January 13, 1893, to January 3, 1895. Born in 
New York, 1834. Joined the army as Captain, 1861. Wounded at Baverly 
Ford on Rappahannock. Removed to Nebraska in 1864. Member of Con- 
gress, 1873-7. Assistant Secretary United States Treasury, 1891-2. 

Silas A. Holfomb, from January 3. 1895, to January 5, 1899. Born in 
Indiana, August 25, 1858. Lawyer, admitted to bar in 1882. Judge of the 
Twelfth Judicial District of Nebraska, 1891-4. 

William A. Poynter, from January 5, 1899, to January 3, 1901. Born in 
Illinois, May 29. 1848. Graduate of Eureka College. Member of Nebraska 
Legislature. 1885. State Senator, 1891. 

Charles H. Dletrleh, elected, 1900; resigned. March. 1901, to accept 
United States Senatorship. Born in Illinois, November 26, 1853. Removed 
to Hastings, Neb., in 1878. Bank president. 

Ezra Savage, from March 1, 1901, to January 5, 1903. Born in Indiana, 
1842. Soldier and scout in Civil war, under Grant and Sherman. First 
Mayor of South Omaha, Neb. Member of the seventeenth Nebraska Legis- 
lature. 

John H. Mickey, present Governor, took the oath of office January 5, 
1903. Born in Iowa, September 30, 1845. Graduate of the Iowa Wesleyan 
University. Banker since 1879. Member of the House of Representatives, 
Nebraska, 1881-2. 

NOTE — Commencing at the right on top of page and read to the left 
in the order, will give the names of Governors as they appear in biographi- 
cal sketch. Governor Mickey appears in groups on pages 12 and 14. 



Governors of Nebraska. 



11 




12 



Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 


















Nebraska's Representatives. 



13 








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Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 




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NEBRASKA SENATORS "•^^" '- 

1903 





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Possibilities of Nebraska. 



15 



CONSIDER THE POSSIBILITIES OF NEBRASKA. 

Nebraska is yet in its infancy in production. It has the ability to 
double several times its present crop yield when under a proper system of 
cultivation. It is 4,465 square miles larger than the whole of New Eng- 
land, Delaware and New Jersey combined. It is 29,710 square miles 
greater in area than Iowa. England and Wales combined have less area 
by 17,693 square miles than Nebraska. It means something to be a citi- 
zen of a state with such possibilities in future development before it. 

There are 8,980,857 acres of government lands yet in Nebraska sub- 
ject to homestead entry. Of this class of lands there have been homestead 
entries filed during the year just closed in one out of eight government 
land districts of the state, amounting to 117,723 acres, and final proofs 
made to 55,105 acres. In the O'Neill land office there were filed 99 home- 
stead entries, embracing 12,300 acres, in the month of October, 1903. The 
possibilities for acquiring cheap lands will not always remain an open 
invitation to the people. The available agricultural and stock raising 
lands of the United States are fast going into the hands of the home- 
steader and speculator. 



The mean temperature of the summer months in June, July and 
August in Nebraska is 73 degrees Fahrenheit. This obviates all necessity 
of her citizens going away from home to find comfortable summer re- 
sorts. 




CORN BREAD AND PUMPKIN PIES— CENTRAL CITY. 



16 



Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 



THE UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA CROWNS THE EDUCATIONAL 
SYSTEM OF THE STATE. 

The University of Nebraska, at Lincoln, Neb., was founded by act 
of the Legislature in 1869. Funds for the erection of the first building 
were provided by the sale of lots in the then new Capitol City of Lincoln. 
This first building, now called University Hall, was completed in 1871, 
the lumber and part of the brick being hauled from the Missouri river in 
wagons. September 6, 1871. the College of Literature, Science and the 
Arts was opened, with a faculty of five, and ninety students. The Board 
of Regents numbers six, two elected every other year, for a period of six 
years. The University comprises the Graduate School (degrees, master 
of arts and doctor of philosophy) ; the College of Literature, Science and 
the Arts (degree, bachelor of arts) ; the Industrial College (degree, bache- 
lor of science), this College including the School of Agriculture, the 
School of Mechanic Arts, and the School of Domestic Science; the College 
of Law (degree, bashelor of laws); the College of Medicine (degree, 
doctor of medicine); the School of Fine Arts; the School of Music; and 
the Summer Session. Nebraska students in the College of Literature, 
Science and the Arts and in the Industrial College pay no tuition. Non- 
resident students, also all students in the professional schools and in 
the schools of fine arts and music, pay small tuition fees. All depart- 
ments are open to both sexes on equal terms. A tax of one mill per 
dollar on the grand assessment roll of the state, together with interest 
income from land sales and land leases, are the chief sources of 
revenue. The University receives the benefit of the Morrill Acts for 
the maintenance of instruction in branches relating to agriculture and 
the mechanic arts, and of the Hatch Act, in aid of agricultural experi- 
mentation. The ten buildings on the city campus, house all the de- 




NBBRASKA STATE UNIVERSITY. 



University of Nebraska. 



17 



partments except the School of Agriculture, the work of which is 
done mainly at the University farm, and the College of Medicine, in 
which the last two years' work is given at Omaha. There are five build- 
ings at the farm. This consists of 320 acres, a little removed from the 
city campus. Here are located the departments of agriculture, animal 
husbandry, animal pathology, agricultural chemistry, dairying, and hor- 
ticulture. About 100 acres are laid out in experimental plats for field 
crops, fruits and vegetables. Herds of thoroughbred cattle, sheep and 
swine, being used for experimentation as well as for instruction. Four 
new buildings are (1903) in process of erection, an administration build- 
ing aad a physics laboratory on the city campus, a hall of agriculture, a 
dairy building, shops and a horticulture laboratory at the farm. The 
libraries accessible to the students contain about 133,300 volumes, of 
which 55,000 are in the University library itself. Five hundred periodicals 
are taken by the University. The University possesses a copious and 
well chosen museum, supplemented in several directions by departmental 
museums. During the year 1902-3 the enrollment at the University was 
as follows: Graduate School, 123; College of Literature, Science and the 
Arts, 1,047; Industrial College, 673; College of Law, 182; College of Medi- 
cine, 138; School of Fine Arts, 85; School of Music, 333; Summer Ses- 
sion, 254; grand total, 2,835. From this 275 names have to be deducted 
on account of repetition, leaving an actual grand total of 2,560. Nearly 
half were women, there being women in each department. The Univer- 
sity is served by 61 professors, 8 associate professors, 14 assistant pro- 
fessors, 17 adjunct professors, 335 instructors and lecturers, and 40 assist- 
ants E. Benjamin Andrews is Chancellor. The Chancellors preceding 
Dr. Andrews were Allen R. Benton, who was the first incumbent; Edmund 
B. Fairfield, Henry E. Hitchcock (acting), Irving J. Manatt, Charles E. 




CAMPUS AND BUILDINGS. 



18 Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 

Bessey (acting), James H. Canfield, Gecrge E. MacLean, Charles E. 
Bessey (acting). 

The following are the Deans presiding over the various colleges: 
Lucius Adelno Sherman, Ph. D., Dean of the Graduate School; Charles 
Edwin Bessey, LL. D., Dean of the Industrial College; Ellery Williams 
Davis, Ph. D., Dean of the College of Literature, Science and the Arts; 
Roscoe Pound, Ph. D., Dean of the College of Law; Henry Baldwin Ward, 
Ph. D., Dean of the College of Medicine; Edgar Albert Burnett, B. Sc, 
Associate Dean of the Industrial College; Harold Gifford, B. S., M. D., 
Associate Dean of the College of Medicine. 



E. Penjaniln Andrews assumed the duties of chief executive of one of 
the most progressive educational institutions of the West, the University 
of Nebraska, in August, 1900. Chancellor Andrews was born in New Hamp- 
shire in 1844. At the age of fourteen, enlisted in the war of the Rebellion, 
was severely wounded, and mustered out as Second Lieutenant in 1864. He 
then finished his education; was ordained a Baptist minister, which both 
his father and grandfather had been before him. After preaching one year 
he resigned to become president of a college, which position he resigned 
to study in Germany in the universities of Berlin and Munich. Returning 
to America, he filled the chair of Professor of History and Political Econ- 
omy in Brown University, where he later occupied the chair of Moral and 
Intellectual Philosophj'. In 1S92 President Harrison appointed him a mem- 
ber of the International Monetary Conference at Brussels, and in 1898 he 
was elected Superintendent of Chicago schools, which position he left for 
the Chancellorship of the University of Nebraska. He has written an 
immense number of magazine articles and valuable books on economic 
subjects. His breadth of scholarship and keenness of intellect have raised 
him far above most of the educators of the day, and it is safe to say 
that only such men as Dr. Harris or Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler are to be 
classed with him. The career of such a man can but be intensely inter- 
esting. 

Allen R. Benton was the first Chancellor of the University, about the 
year of 1872. It is not assuming too much to say that the subsequent rapid 
progress and high standard of the school was largely the result of the 
efforts of the pioneers in the work. 

Charles E. Bessey, born in Ohio in 1845, received his early education in 
Ohio; attended Agricultural College of Michigan, and Harvard University, 
receiving degrees of M. Sc, Ph. D., LL. D. He was Professor of Botany 
in the Agricultural College of Iowa for fifteen years, and held the same 
position in Nebraska for nineteen years; was first Director of Nebraska 
Experiment Station, of which he has also been consulting botanist since 
1887: from 1888 to 1891 and again in 1899-1900, was acting Chancellor of 
the University. 

Henry E. Nicholson, Professor of Chemistry, was born in Wisconsin in 
1850; served in the Civil war; graduated from Harvard University and com- 
pleted his education at Heidelberg, Germany. In 1874 was appointed Pro- 
fessor of Science in the Normal School at Peru, Neb., which position he 
left to accept a chair in the University of Nebraska in 1882. He is a mem- 
ber of a number of scientific societies, as well as author of several papers 
on scientific subjects. 

Lawrence Briiner, Profes.'sor Kntomology and Ornithology, was born in 
Pennsylvania in 1856; obtained degree of B. S. from the University of 
Nebraska, in which school he has been an instructor since 18SS. He lui4 
written numerous papers and books on birds and insects. 



University Faculty and Station Staff. 



19 





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20 



Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 



THE EXPERIMENT STATION AND THE SCHOOL OF 
AGRICULTURE. 

The Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station and the School of 
Agriculture are departments of the University. Agricultural instruction 
has been offered in the Industrial College since the opening of this insti- 
tution. Efforts were made to carry on experiments previous to 1880. A 
report published at that time indicates that some work had been done in 
the feeding of pigs, in the practice of soiling, in the raising of sugar beets 
and mangel-wurzels for feed, and that at least four breeds of cattle, 
namely. Shorthorn, Devon, Ayrshire and Galloway, had been maintained 
since 1874. Tests had also been made in the manufacture of sugar from 
sorghum, in testing varieties of grains, grasses and forage crops, in 
mulching, and in other subjects. The first farm purchased, consisting of 
80 acres, was located north of Holdrege street near the present State Fair 
grounds, but this was found inadequate for the growing needs of the 
University, and attempts were made to secure a larger farm. The present 
farm of 320 acres was purchased in 1874 of M. M. Culver, but was not 
conveyed to the Regents until five years later. In 1868, before the pur- 
chase of the farm by the Regents, the stone house which still stands was 
erected. 




JUDGING LIVE STOCK 



Nebraska Experiment Station. 



21 



A report issued in 1884 makes the following note: 
"The Regents of the University of Netaraslta had, prior to the year 1884, 
taken some steps toward giving to the work of the Industrial College more 
Of an experimental character. It was not, however, until December of that 
year that decisive action was taken, when Dr. Charles E. Bessey, Dean of 
the Industrial College, made the following recommendations in his 'Report 
to the Chancellor,' namely, that there be two classes of experiments and 
observations: 1st, those which are popular in their character and which 
aim to reach immediate results; 2d, those whicli are scientific in their 
character; in whicli the aim is to discover some profound principle, or to 
establish beyond dispute some fact in nature." 

There was at this time but one professor in charge of all agricultural 
instruction, and with limited funds not much experimental work could be 
done. 

In 1886, Dean Bessey again urged upon the Regents the necessity for 
further experimental work, and Dr. F. S. Billings was secured to investi- 
gate the subject of animal diseases. Numerous other experiments were 
planned, but it was understood that the extent of these experiments would 
largely depend upon the generosity of the Legislature in appropriating 
funds to carry on the work. 

As a result of an act of Congress passed in 1887, known as the Hatch 
Act, an Agricultural Experiment Station was established in connection 
with the University and maintained by appropriations of $15,000 annu- 





NEBRASKA STATE FARM. 



22 Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 

ally from Congress. Dr. Charles E. Bessey, Dean of the Industrial College 
and Professor of Botany, was made the first Director of the Experiment 
Station. He was succeeded in 1889 by Dr. Lewis E. Hicks, the Professor 
of Geology, who was in turn succeeded the next year by Prof. H. H. 
Nicholson, Professor of Chemistry. In 1893 C. L. Ingersoll, Professor of 
Agriculture, became Director, and served until July 1, 1895, when he was 
forced to resign his duties because of ill health, which a little later caused 
his death. He was succeeded by the Chancellor of the University, George 
E. MacLean, who resigned in 1899. Prof. T. L. Lyon, the agriculturist, 
performed the duties of the office in the capacity of Acting Director until 
Chancellor E. Benjamin Andrews became Director, October. 1900. who 
resigned this position in July, 1901, and the present incumbent, Edgar A. 
Burnett, Professor of Animal Husbandry since 1899, was chosen Director 
of the Station. 

Eigh,ty-one Bulletins and Sixteen Annual Reports Have Been Pub- 
lished. — Notable among the recent experiments which have enriched the 
state are those with winter wheat, the area of which has been greatly 
extended; the introduction of the Kherson oat, an early Russian variety. 

No Station has done such exhaustive work in the control of hog 
cholera and the immunization of hogs against cholera. The extensive use 
of vaccination against blackleg has been due to the efforts of the Experi 
ment Station, which formerly manufactured the vaccine, but which no ,v 
acts as a distributing agent for the government. The efforts of tl.e 
Station to encourage the dipping of cattle for Texas itch in the range 
country has been measurably successful. No Station has made so thor- 
ough a study of the cause of cornstalk disease, discussed in the Sixteanth 
Annual Report, 1903. The discovery, in 1902, of prussic acid in sorghum 
under certain conditions was a notable achievement of great scionlilic 
value. 

Efforts have been made to promote the dairy interests of the state by 
advocating advanced methods, selected herds, balanced rations, hand 
separators, better care, and by demonstrating that a good calf can be 
raised on skim milk. The construction of a dairy barn with silo and in- 
creased facilities has placed the Department in a position for greater 
usefulness. 

The work in horticulture has been directed toward the growing of 
orchards to show the effect of clean culture compared with growing a 
crop in the orchard, and of different kinds of late cover crops. It has also 
dealt with the effects of straw mulch and clean culture in growing vege- 
tables and with hybridizing apples and beans to produce more useful 
sorts. 

Under the provisions of the last Legislature an experimental sub- 
station has been established at North Platte which will greatly increase 
the facilities for experimental work bearing on the agricultural develop- 
ment of the central portion of the state. 

The School of Agriculture was established in 1895. In that year 
there were 15 students. In 1902 there were 206 students. 

Four courses are offered. The six-months' course opens in November 
and closes about the first of May. In this there are given 1.087 hours of 
instruction in agriculture and the subjects relating thereto. Mathematics 



Nebraska Experiment Station. 



23 



through algebra and geometry, botany, chemistry, physics, bookkeeping, 
civics, history, and economics, are also taught. 

The winter course begins about the first of the year and offers in- 
struction in all subjects relating to practical agriculture. There is also 
offered at the same time a special course in dairying. A course in corn 
judging and in judging live stock, which begins about the last of January 
each year, was offered for the first time in 1903. Fifty-one students were 
registered. 

Of the 723 students who have received instruction in the School of 
Agriculture at least 700 are today on the farms of Nebraska helping to 
develop the agricultural resources of the state and devoting themselves 
to the bettering of agricultural conditions. 

The state has been increasingly liberal with appropriations, granting 
the generous sum of $100,000 at its last session (1903) for improvements 
in buildings and equipments. Of this, more than $90,000 is being ex- 
pended for buildings alone. When these are completed, there will be nine 
substantial buildings for instructional and experimental work, giving 
greatly increased equipment to meet the growing needs of the institution. 



The capital of Nebraska was first located at Omaha by an act of 
the legislature, January 16, 1855. Florence, Omaha, Plattsmouth, Ne- 
braska City and Bellevue were all competitors for the location of the 
capital of Nebraska. 




NEBRASKA EXPERIMENT STATION PLATS. 



24 Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 

GROWTH OF NEBRASKA IN FIFTY YEARS. 

In 1853 Nebraska, under its proposed territorial government, was 
credited with 3,000 population. Two years later when the first formal 
census of the Territory was taken, the population had increased to 
4,491. At this time the entire appraised value of the property, both per- 
sonal and real, was $617,822. In 1860 the population was 28,826, showing 
an increase of 24,335 In five years, or 542 per cent increase. In 1870 the 
population was 122,993, showing an increase in this census period of 
94,1G7, or an increase of 326 per cent in ten years. In 1880 the popula- 
tion was 452,402, an increase of 339,409, or a quadrupling of the population 
in this ten-year period between 1870 and 1880. In 1890 the population 
had increased to 1,058,910, showing an increase of 606,508 in ten years, 
more than doubling in this period. 

A very perceptible change takes place in the period from 1890 to 
1900, the last census showing 1,006,300, an increase of only 7,390. In this 
period is covered the seasons of drouth and prevailing hard times which 
affected the entire country more or less, and was especially damaging 
to newly settled districts on the frontier. Ninety-one, two and three 
brought large migration into central and western Nebraska, owing to 
a succession of good crop years preceding, and the belief that western 
Nebraska was adapted to successful agricultural pursuits. The drouth 
that followed in 1894, and which was especially severe in the western 
part of the state, caused thousands of poor homesteaders to give up their 
ambition of acquiring a free home, surrender their homesteads and move 
out, only those remaining who had means provided ahead, or who realized 
that they made a mistake in attempting to convert a natural grazing 
country into an agricultural and farming district. While this apparent 
calamity came as a terrible scourge and persecution to thousands of poor 
families, it proved a blessing to the State, and to those who persistently 
hung on and weathered the discomfiture of scarcity and poverty. The 
benefits of this lesson of poverty were abundantly harvested by those 
who remained and directed their energy and ambition along lines of 
production in conformity with the natural resources of the country. 
This exodus of homesteaders out of western Nebraska served as a dam- 
aging feature of advertising for the balance of the State. It was also 
the means of settling in the minds of our people that while eastern 
Nebraska is a great agricultural and grain growing district, western Ne- 
braska is strictly a live stock and grazing district. A fact which, when 
well understood, has been the means in recent years, of building up 
western Nebraska under an economic and profitable live stock manage- 
ment. 

Commencing with 18G0, some time after Nebraska became a State, 
we find the farms contained 118,789 acres classed as improved, and 512,- 
425 acres unimproved. The cash value of these farms was placed at 
$3,878,326. There were 4,449 horses in the State, 6,995 cows, 12.594 work 
oxen, 17.608 other cattle, making in all 37.197 head of cattle. There were 
2,325 sheep, and 25,369 swine. The entire live stock value was placed 
at $1,128,771. There were produced 1,482,000 bushels of corn, 147,867 



Growth of Nebraska in Fifty Years. 



25 



bushels of wheat, 74,502 bushels of oats, 24,458 tons of hay, 342,541 
pounds of butter, 12,342 pounds of cheese, and 5,843 pounds of honey. 

In 1870 the following changes are noted: Acres improved land on 
farms, 647,031; unimproved, 1,213,376; and 213,374 acres timber. The live 
stock of the State had also increased at an astonishing rate; horses in 
1870, 30,511; milch cows, 28,940; work oxen, 5,951; other cattle, 45,057; 
making in all, 79,954 cattle. There were 22,725 sheep, 59,449 swine; value 
of live stock, $6,551,185. The crop production showed 4,736,710 bushels of 
corn; wheat, 2,125,086 bushels; oats, 1,477,562 bushels; potatoes, 739,984 
bushels; butter, 1,539,535 pounds; cheese, 46,142 pounds; hay, 169,354 
tons; honey, 28,114 pounds. 

In 1880 the live stock census showed 204,864 horses, 161,178 milch 
cows, and 597,363 other cattle, 1,282,656 swine, 199,453 sheep. In farm 
products — corn, 65,450,135 bushels; wheat, 13,847,007 bushels; oats, 6,555,- 
875 bushels; potatoes, 2,150,893 bushels; hay, 786,722 tons; butter, 9,725,- 
198 pounds; cheese, 230,819 pounds; honey, 86,645 pounds; eggs, 7,166,090 
dozens. Thus it is seen that the increase in production kept doubling 
up as the population was added io the State. These early settlers of 
Nebraska were not idle consumers, but at once commenced to add to 
the state's production by putting the land in cultivation, and bringing 
in live stock to help consume the abundance of feed produced. 

In 1890 Nebraska had 542,036 horses, valued at $37,787,194; 420,069 
milch cows, valued at $8,464,390; 1,306,372 other cattle, valued at $22,- 
242,548; 239,400 sheep, valued at $503,338; 2,309,779 swme. valued at 
$12,985,579; maKing a total valuation of $86,023,808, compared with that 
of 1880, $46,857,243. The astonishing feature in these census returns is 
the rapid increase that each ten-year period made, and the permanency 
of character demonstrated in this population by its constant growth 
regardless of seasons of adverse crop yield, such as are certain to fall to 
the lot of the new settler on the frontier and serve as a discouragement 
to dishearten and drive him back to civilization. 

In 1900 the census credits Nebraska with 121,525 farms; 795,318 




SOD HOUSE HOME. 



26 Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 



horses, valued at $36,663,359; 3,176.243 cattle, valued at $82,469,498; 
511,273 sheep, valued at $1,678,498; 4,128,000 swine, valued at $18,660,932; 
with a total live stock valuation of $145,349,587; total value of farms, 
$577,660,020; of farm machinery to operate the farms, valued at $24,940,- 
450; making a total value of farm property of $747,950,057. Compare this 
with the first Auditor's statement of the entire valuation of property, 
both personal and real, in Nebraska in 1855, $617,822, and we have the 
astonishing gain of 120,962 per pent, or an average annual per cent gain 
for these forty-five years, from 1855 to 1900, of 2,688. This accumula- 
tion of property values has no parallel in the history of agricultural devel- 
opment in any other district of country. The increase in farm values 
since 1900 has been a matter of great astonishment to both land seller 
and land buyer. The increase of population in Nebraska, since 1900, 
has been as great as at any former period in the history of the State. 
A steady stream of home buyers have been coming to Nebraska, because 
a better quality of agricultural lands was offered at less money than in 
any other state. 

Nebraska has 121,525 farms on which crops are grown. The total 
value of these products for 1903 is approximately $163,000,000, or an 
average of $1,340 per farm. Nebraska has a total value of farm property 
of $747,950,057, or an average per capita for her population of $701.50. 

Nebraska has risen from nothing in the production of corn, fifty years 
ago, to the third place among the states of the Union. 

Nebraska is fourth in the production of wheat. 

Nebraska is fifth in the production of oats. 

In live stock, Nebraska is in the race for supremacy — is fourth in 
the production of cattle, fourth in the production of swine, and seventh 
in the production of horses. 

The astonishing rapidity and certainty with which Nebraska has 
moved forward in the past fifty years to positions of wealth and business 
standing among the oldest and best states in the Union is evidence un- 
controvertable of the superior natural resources she possesses. 



GRAND ISLAND BEET SUGAR FACTORY. 

This factory was built in 1890 at a cost of $500,000. It has a work- 
ing capacity of 90,000 pounds per day of standard granulated sugar, and 
employs 225 men from October 1st to February 1st of each year. During 
the year it has 35 steady hands at work, including G agriculturists, who 
look after the growing of beets. 

There are 7,500 tons of coal consumed during the sugar making sea- 
son, also 5,000 tons of lime stone, besides many other supplies. The coal 
comes from Wyoming, and the stone from Cass county, Nebraska. It 
requires 375 tons of beets per day to keep the factory in full operation. 

The first campaign was commenced in the fall of 1890. but owing to the 
factory not being completed until late there were only 75,000 pounds of 
sugar made. In 1902, 7,000,000 pounds were made, and contracts for 6,009 
acres of beets were made for 1903, which from the present prospective 
yield indicate that this crop will pay the growers $240,000. 



Beet Sugar Factories. 27 



Sugar beet growing is more successfully carried on here than in any 
other state, owing to the superior quality of the soil for all vegetable 
crops, and the adaptability of climate for growing beets of high sac- 
charine property. 

Henry S. Ferrar is manager of the Grand Island factory and will an- 
swer all inquiries in relation to sugar beet growing in Nebraska. 



NORFOLK BEET SUGAR FACTORY. 

The Norfolk factory of the American Beet Sugar Company was built 
in 1890 at a cost of $500,000 and was operated first in the fall of 1891. 
Its working capacity is 400 tons of beets in 24 hours, and its output of 
granulated sugar is about 7,500,000 pounds annually. It requires 250 
men to operate the factory, and 8,000 to 10,000 tons of coal are used for 
fuel, besides 450 to 600 tons of coke. Lime rock is a requirement in the 
manufacture of sugar and 4,000 to 4,500 tons are used. This is from the 
immense quarries in Cass county, Nebraska. There are 30,000 to 40,000 
yards of filter cloth used, 75,000 sugar bags, and thousands of dollars 
worth of supplies that are too numerous to mention. Practically all the 
supplies, with the exception of the coal and coke, are purchased in the 
State of Nebraska. 

It requires 4,000 to 5,000 acres of beets to supply a season's run. 
The average tonnage last year (1902) was 10.01 tons per acre. The fac- 
tory guarantees a minimum price of $4.00 per ton for beets, and pays an 
additional price of 25 cents for each per cent of sugar above 14 per cent, 
fractions in proportion. In addition to the above, the factory pays the 
freight on beets shipped in by rail, and to the growers who haul them by 
wagon they pay 25 cents per ton extra; also pay in addition to the above 
20 cents for all beets that have to be siloed. 




NORFOLK BEET SUGAR FACTORY. 



28 



Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 



To illustrate the above we will suppose that the grower delivers by 
wagon, that his beets are siloed, and that they test 15.3 per cent sugar. 
The factory would pay him as follows: 

Beets of I'.s per cent sugar, per ton $4.32% 

Extra for hauling- by wagon, per ton 25 

Extra for siloing, per ton 20 

Total per ton $4.77 % 

The average price per ton for beets, season of 1902, was $4.98. 

Paid out for beets per month from $50,000 to $60,000. 

Paid out for labor per month about $12,000. 

To operate the factory last year the several railroads entering Nor- 
folk handled 1,782 carloads of the different supplies, etc. 

Pulp. — This is given free of charge to all who grow beets for the 
factory, and the demand for it is very large and constantly increasing 
as the growers appreciate what a splendid feed it is for their cattle. No 
farmer, other than those who grow beets for the factory, can get this 
feed, and the balance that is left after the growers are satisfied is dis- 
posed of to cattle men. who feed it in the stock yards on the company's 
property. 

The Norfolk factory is in charge of J. N. Bundick. manager. 




SACKING SUGAR AT NORFOLK FACTORY. 



STANDARD BEET SUGAR FACTORY AT LEAVITT. 

This factory was established in 1899. Its dimensions are as fol- 
dows: Main building, 100x300 feet; beet shed, 100x400; boiler house, 
100x120; and lime house, 80x150. Each structure rests upon piling driven 
into the ground to a depth of 25 feet, upon which are solid concrete foun- 
dations, something like 3,000 piling being used under all the buildings. 



standard Beet Sugar Factory at Leavttt. 



29 




30 



Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 



The buildings are constructed for a capacity of 1,000 tons per day, but 
the machinery was installed for only half that capacity, as the acreage 
of beets grown did not justify a higher capacity at the time of starting 
the factory. The factory was not completed until the middle of Decem- 
ber, 1899, and the greater part of the beets that year were shipped to 
Norfolk, only enough being kept to test the machinery, so that the first 
campaign was that of 1900. The annual output of sugar, cost of beets, 
price paid for labor and supplies, are as follows: 

Sugar Paid Paid Paid 

In Lbs. for Beets, for Labor, for Supplies. 

1900 4,917,200 $143,558.31 $47,128.27 $61,269.98 

1901 7,911,300 177,121.43 40,975.14 47,687.79 

1902 7.613,500 166.962.49 49.098.17 51,209.85 

This year (1903) the acreage is much larger, and the quality of the 
beets in the whole territory is excellent, so that the output of sugar will 
be between thirteen and fourteen million pounds. 

The cost of the factory was $800,000. and with the other improve 
ments on the property in the shape of dwellings, etc., the company has 
over a million dollars invested. 

This factory promises to be very successful in its operation, as it 
has adopted a system of growing beets where poor families are given the 
means of employing all the children and help in the family in the work 
of beet growing, and get a free home to live it. The entire furnishings 
for the work are provided at a minimum cost. 

H. G. Leavitt of Leavitt, Neb., is President of the company. 




GIRLS' INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL, GENEVA. 



Girls' Industrial School. 



31 



GIRLS' INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL OF NEBRASKA. 

This institution is located at Geneva, the county seat of Fillmore 
county. It is under the direction and control of the state. Originally the 
boys and girls were in the same institution at Kearney, but the work was 
not satisfactory and a division of the school was made March, 1892. 

This school is for the purpose of giving industrial training to the 
juvenile incorrigible female children of the state. A full corps of teach- 
ers are employed, and every possible effort is made to instill into the 
minds of the children" ideas of honesty, truthfulness and morality. About 
90 per cent of the 450 girls who have been trained at this school have 
turned out well, and a great many of them are now living in happy homes 
of their own. 

The cost of maintenance of the school is about $10,000 per year. The 
attendance varies from 50 to 60, which is a little over half the capacity 
of the school. 

The school work is much the same as that pursued in the common 
graded schools of the state; in addition to which, instruction in cooking, 
dining-room work, laundrying, dressmaking, cutting and fitting, and gen- 
eral house-keeping is taught. 

The law governing this institution was amended in 1902 so as to 
provide for the commitment of any girl who is vagrant or vicious, under 
the age of 18 years. The present buildings were erected in 1891, at a 
cost of about $30,000. They are ample for the accommodation of 100 
inmates. 

The management is under the direction of Superintendent Horace M. 
Clark, who was appointed three years ago, and re-appointed last year. 





1 





SCHOOL FOR THE BLIND, NEBRASKA CITY. 



32 Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 

NEBRASKA SCHOOL FOR BLIND. 

Nebraska's school for blind youth is situated at Nebraska Citj% and 
is known as the Institute for the Blind. It was opened in 1875, with Prof. 
Samuel Bacon, himself a blind man, as Superintendent. 

The object of the school is to give to blind children the same oppor- 
tunity for an education as is enjoyed by their seeing brothers and sisters. 

No charge is made for tuition or living — parents being required to 
provide clothing and transportation to and from the school only. 

At present 55 pupils are in attendance. It is known that quite a 
number of children in the state are entitled to its privileges, but through 
hesitation on the part of parents to send from home an aflBicted child, 
even for its own good, coupled with a mistaken notion of the purposes of 
the school, or ignorance of its existence, are deprived of the benefit the 
school might be to them. 

Pupils are taught the usual branches of the common schools from the 
primary grades through the High school, while in addition a thorough 
course in music, both vocal and instrumental, is afforded such as have 
an aptitude for it. Several industrial pursuits are open also; piano 
tuning, broom making, carpet weaving, hammock making, and bead work 
being taught, while girls are taught sewing, both by hand and on the ma- 
chine, mending, knitting, crocheting, and cooking. 

From the foregoing it will be seen that there are practically in opera- 
tion three schools under one roof, three distinct sets of teachers being 
provided for the various departments. Hence it must follow that the ex- 
pense for educating a blind child is greater than for the seeing brother or 
sister. During the twenty-eight years of existence of this school over 300 
pupils have been in attendance, of whom 60 have completed the entire 
course and graduated. Many are earning a good living, and are a credit 
to society, who but for the school would have been a charge upon the 
community in which they live. 

The present building has been erected at different times; the original 
building, now known as the East wing, was built in 1876, at a cost of 
$10,000; what is known as the Main building followed in 1887 at a cost 
of $35,000, and the West wing in 1885, at a cost of $14,000. The total cost 
of maintenance for the past year was about $12,000. The total appro- 
priation for the present biennium is $44,400. 

Three teachers are employed in the literary department, three in the 
music department, two in the industrial, and one for typewriting and 
library work. The Matron has two assistants, one of whom looks after 
the girls, and the other the boys, caring for their clothing, etc., besides 
attending to them in case of sickness. A physician is employed by the 
month to render any assistance needed from him, without cost to the 
pupils. 



When a wheat crop of twenty-five bushels Is harvested from an acre, 
there are remos'ed twenty- five pounds of phosphoric acid and thirty pounns 
of potash. If these are not restored by some form of manure the field will 
not continue to yield twenty-five bushels to the acre, except in Nebraska. 



Zodiac Signs. .. 



S3 



Eclipses for 1904. 

In the year 1904 there will be two eclipses, both of the sun. 

I. An annular eclipse of the sun March 16th,invisible here; visible to 

southern Asia, eastern Africa and a number of islands in the East Indies. 

II. A total -eclipse of the sun September 9th, not visible here; visible 

to an immense portion of the Pacific Ocean on both sides of the Equator. 

The Seasons for 1904. 
Vernal Equinox (spring begir s). . . . March. . . . 20d. 

Summer Solstice (summer begins). . . June 2id, 

Autumnal Equinox (autumn begin). September 2?t. 
Winter Solsti:;e (winter begins). . .. JDecember. 2^d. 

EAIC, 

Ariea, s^ 
Head. 

TWINS, 

Gemini, 
Arms. 

LION, 

Leo, 

HEART. 
BALANCE, 

Libra, 

REINS. 



ARCHER, 

Sagittarius, ^ 

THIGHS. 




7h. 
3h. 
6h. 
Ih. 


58m. P. M. 
51m P.M. 
40m. A.M. 
14m. A.M. 


HFf 


BULL, 

Taurus, 

NECK. 


-K 


CRAB, 

Cancer, 

BREAST. 


^ 


VIRGIN, 

Virgo, 

BOWELS. 


"^ 


SCORPION, 

Scorpio, 

LOINS. 


Gt iT, 

4f. CapricornuB. 

KNEES. 




FISHES, 

Pisces, 

FEET. 



WATERMAN, 

Aquarius. ^ 

LEGS. 

Morning atid Evening Stars for 1 904. 

The pin net Venus (9) begins as morning star ard continues as 
such uutilJuly 8th, after which date she wpl be evening star to end of 
the year. 

The planet Mars ( S ) will be evening star until May 30th, and then 
morning star the rest of the year. 

The planet JupiterCl/) is evening star until March 27th, then morn- 
ing s*ar until October 18th, and then evening star thebalance of the year. 

The planet Satm-n (b ) will be evening star until February 1st, then 
morning star until August 10th, and then evening star the balance of 
the year. 

Chronological Eras. 

The year 1904 comprises the latter part of the 128th, and the begin- 
ning of the 129th year of American Independence and corresponds to — 

The year 6617 of the Julian Period. 

The year o664-5665 of the Jewish ICra; the year 5665 begins at sunset 
on September 9th. 

The y^av 2657 since the foundation of Pome, according to Varro. 

The year 2564 of the Japanese Era,and ta the 37th year of the period 
entitled "Mfiji." 

The year 1322 of the IMobammedan Erf ct the Era of the Hegira, 
begins on tlii If.th day of March, 1904. 

The first day of Janua y. L904, is the 2,-^ I6,''81stday sine , tb 'pom- 
mencem3.it of ^he Julian I'er od. 



34 



Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 










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Deaf and Dumb Institution. 35 

Up to the present time only one-half section of land has been oper- 
ated in connection with the institution; 110 acres of which is in garden 
this year. Within the past two years an excellent system of water works 
has been installed, as a means of protection against fire, and at this time 
no institution in this part of the West is better equipped in that line. 
A good dairy is maintained here, and at the present time a strong effort 
is being made to improve the general dairy herd by adding thoroughbred 
Holstein-Friesian cows. A large number of fine hogs are raised here each 
year, and at this time there are over 400 head. 

The present management of the institution is as follows: W. B. 
Kern, M. D., Superintendent; S. J. Stewart, M. D., First Assistant Physi- 
cian; W. H. Chapman, M. D., Second Assistant Physician; Emma E. 
Robbins, M. D., Third Assistant Physician; H. C. Haverly, Steward. 



INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF AND DUMB. 

This institution was founded in 1869, beginning its educational record 
April 1st of that year, with a class of 113 pupils. It has steadily increased 
in number of pupils, building accommodation, facilities for caring for chil- 
dren and imparting instruction. 

At that time the institution was under the direction of a board of 
six members, and the first year's expenditures amounted to $2,995. 

Rev. H. W. Kuhns was interested in the establishment of this school. 
United States Senator J. H. Millard assisted the institution and for a 
number of years acted as treasurer of its funds. 

The yearly enrollment now reaches about 200 pupils and the annual 
expenditure amounts to about $40,000. Since the founding of the school 
there have been five Superintendents. First was William M. French, who 
held the position two years. He was followed by Mr. R. H. Kinney, a 
teacher of the deaf from Columbus, Ohio. Mr. Kinney managed the in- 
stitution for about eight years, then Mr. J. A. Gillespie and his wife, both 
teachers of the deaf in the Iowa school at Council Bluffs, were put in 
charge. They retained the position for nearly twenty years. This period 
marked the great growth of Nebraska as a state in population and 
wealth, and the wonderful development of the City of Omaha as its 
metropolis. In consequence the School for the Deaf grew commensurate 
with the development of the state. At the time Mr. Gillespie took charge, 
53 pupils were reported in attendance, and at the close of his adminis- 
tration, in 1897, 160 deaf boys and girls were being educated at the ex- 
pense of the state in this institution. 

The first building erected was a three-story brick 44x60. To this was 
gradually added as necessity required and means were available, till now 
there are seven large brick buildings and three frame buildings — the 
whole, with furniture and equipment worth approximately $300,000. Ten 
acres of the grounds upon which these buildings stand were donated by 
citizens. Later a few acres were purchased, making in all at the present 
time 23 acres. This is not by any means sufficient for such an institution. 
Lands contiguous with this institution are now held so high in price that 
it is doubtful whether any Legislature will see fit to make appropriations 
for further additions. 



36 Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 

In 1S97, by order of Gov. Silas A. Holcomb, H. E. Dawes was made 
Superintendent to supersede Mr. Gillespie. INIr. Dawes held the position 
three years, and was succeeded in 1901 by the present otRcer, R. E. 
Stewart, a teacher for ten years prior in the Nebraska and Iowa schools. 
During the administration of Mr. Dawes some valuable improvements 
WLre made. 

The Le2:islature of 1S99 appropriated $25,000 for a new school build- 
ing, $7,700 for boiler house and engine room, and $0,000 for a new dynamo. 
The work of reconstructing, organizing, furnishing with suital)lo equip- 
ment, tools and household comforts has been pushed vigorously and 
effectively, but with stringent economy, by Mr. Stewart. Capable, trainoil 
teachers have charge of the children in school, and the greatest ponsiMe 
c:ire is exercised over them in selection and preparation of food, exerci:;e, 
clothing, beds and bedding, medicines and morals. Not a death has 
occurred in tha institution under its present management. 

Pupils are trained in the industrial shops in the arts of printing, 
shoemaking, carpentering, laundry work, drawing and painting, and farm 
ing. Four graduates of the class of 1903 pas.sed examinations to enter 
Gallaudct College — a national college for the deaf located in Washington, 
D. C. — and are now in attendance. 

The intent of this institution is not that of an asylum. Only those 
capable of being taught are accepted. A regular course of study is ar- 
ranged. The school term lasts nine months. Parents pay for clothing 
and railroad fare for their children; all other items of maintenance are 
paid by the state. All who have been educated in this school have be- 
come self-supporting and law-abiding citizens. Many have established 
homes for themselves and are successful and happy. The children from 
these homes are usually endowed with all their senses. 

The results of this institution have not been a waste of money, but 
the uplifting of a class who in ignorance are often paupers and some- 
times criminals. It is an institution of which the state may well feel 
proud — a school to lessen poverty, misery and crime and create in their 
stead plenty, comfort and peace for a class who otherwise would be most 
unfortunate. 



I am glad to know that you propose to supply the need of a li.Tnd-book 
briefly setting forth the resources developed and undeveloped in this great 
state. There is a demaiul t'oi- just such a work, and I liave no lie.sitation 
in saying that your undertaking will be duly appreciated by our people 
and those who are seeking a new home within our borders. I wish you 
the greatest success. — Edmund Mclntyre. Treasurer State Board of Agri- 
culture. 



A publication in the nature of "Nebraska's Resources Illustrated," in 
my opinion would be very valuable indeed to the residents of this .state. 
I know of no puhlioalion of tliat kind. The histories of this state wliich 
have been published so far contain so much that is of little use. and are 
so large that the "price is almost prohibitory. A work of the kind outlined 
in your prospectus would result in considerable benefit to men in public 
life, to bankers, publishers, lawyers, capitalists, railroads, real estate men — 
Infact all citizens of our enterprising commonwealth. — J. B. Barnes, Member 
of Supreme Court of Nebraska. 



January, 1904. 



37 




MOON'S PHASES. 



F.M. 
L.Q. 
N.M. 
F.Q. 



BOSTON 

D. H. M. 

3 47 M. 

9 4 10 E. 
17 10 47 M. 
25 3 41 E. 



CHICAGO 

D. H. M. 

2 11 47 E. 
9 3 10 E 

17 9 47 M. 
25 2 41 E. 



SEATTLB. 

D. II. M. 

2 9 47 E. 

9 1 10 E. 

17 7 47 M. 

::5 41 E. 



B. |U. 



HISTORICAL EVENTS, Etc. 



LATITUDE 

Of Boston, New 
England, Middle 
States,0.,lnd.,lll., 
Mo., Kan.. Neb., 
lowa.Mich., Wis., 
Minn.,Or.&Wash. 



Sun 
rises. 

H. M. 



Sun 
sets. 

II. M. 



Moon 
sets. 

H. M. 



LATITUDE 

Of Charleston, N. 
& S. C, Ga., Ala., 
Tenn., Miss., La., 
Ark., Tex., New 
Mexico and Cal. 



Sun 
rises. 

H. M. 



Sun 
sets. 

H. M 



Moon 
sets. 

H. M 



llFr 
2lSa 



Circumcision. 
in perihelion. 



4 39 5 28 
4 40 rises 



6 6. 5 

6 rises 



J. 2d Sunday after Christmas. Luke 2. 9h. 10m. Day's Length, lOh. 3m. 



5 58, 

7 5' 

8 14' 

9 23 

10 29 

11 30. 
morn' 



3 


Su 


4 


M 


C 


Tu 


c 


W 


7 


Th 


C 


Fr 


GSa 



^^3d. Armen. mass., '95. 
xW) C ill perigee. 
Paris bombarded, 1871. 
5 in Q. EpiphaHy. 
^ stationary. 
~ EU Whitney d., 1825. 
9th. Aster lib. o.,'54. 



TlO 
7 30 
7 30 
7 30 
7 30 
7 29 
7 29 



4 40 
4 41 
4 42 
4 43 
4 44 
4 45 
4 46 



6 3o 
6 47 

8 

9 14 

10 2G 

11 31 
morn 



5 6 
5 7 
5 8 
5 9 
5 10 

5 10 

6 11 



2. 1st Sunday after Epiphany. Luke 2. 9h. 18m. Day's Length, lOh. 8m. 



33 



10 Su ^inperihel'n.Cgr.lib.VV. iTjj 7 29 4 47 42 7 7 4 1 

11 M Alabama seceded, 18G1 . =2= 7 29 4 48 1 49 8 7 4 5 13 1 

12 Tu Bayard Taylor born, 1825. =i 7 29 4 49 2 62 8 7 3 5 14 2 

13 W (^ 9 C tn, 7 28 4 50 3 52 9 7 3 5 15 3 

14 Th Gen. Sharpe died, 1900. nv 7 2S 4 51 4 49 9 7 3 5 16 4 

15 Fr d § C / 7 2.' 4 52 5 42 9 7 3 5 16 5 
IGSa Edmond Spencer d., 1599 / 7 27 4 54 6 27 10 7 3 5 17 6 
3. 2d Sunday after ^piphany. John 2. 9h. 29m. Day's Length, 10. IBm.j 

I 



17 


Su 


i^l7th. (^^. Gj inferior. 


/ 


7 26 


4 55 


Gets 


10 


7 3 


6 18 


sets 


IS 


M 


^^6 k ^ 


Vf 


7 26 


4 57 


6 7 


10 


T 2 


5 19 


6 26' 


19 


Tu 


([ in apogee. 


Vf 


7 25 


4 58 


7 6 


11 


7 2 


5 20 


7 20 


20 


W 


6 s a 




7 25 


4 59 


8 4 


11 


7 2 


5 21 


8 14 


21 


Th 


5 gr. hel. lat. N. 


At* 

■wv 


7 24 


5 


9 3 


11 


7 1 


5 22 


9 8 


22 


Fr 


6 lid 


AM> 


7 24 


5 1 


10 1 


12 


7 1 


5 23 


10 1 


2'J 


Sa 


Justice Lamar died, 1893. 


K 


7 23 


5 2 


10 59 


12 


7 1 


5 24 


10 64 



4. 3d Sunday after Epiphany. Matt. 8. 9h. 42m . Da y's Length. lOh . 2.5m. 
Va. re-adm. Congress, 1870 
25th. Gen. Ewelld.'72 
_ C gr. libration E. 
Jas. G, Blaine died, 1803. 
6 9^' ? stationary. 
'< ^ (L 
Trof. Asa Gray died,1888. 



21 


Su 


25 


M 


26 


Tu 


27 


W 


.T1 


Th 


29|Fr 1 


30 


?a| 



X 


7 22 


5 4 


morn 


112 


7 


5 2j 


11 50 


T 


7 22 


5 5 


1 


12 


7 


5 2G 


morn 


cp 


7 21 


5 7 


1 1 


13 


6 59 


5 27 


47 


r 


7 20 


5 8 


2 4 


13 


6 59 


5 28 


1 45 


K 


7 19 


5 9 


3 8 


13 


6 58 


5 29 


2 46 


H 


7 IS 


5 10 


4 11 


13 


6 58 


5 39 


3 46; 


n 


7 17 


5 11 


5 11 


13 


6 57 


5 31 


4 47| 



5. Soptr.agesima Sunday. Matt. 20. 9h. 57m. Day's Length, lOh. Sfim. 



31[Su jStr. Metropolis lost, 1878 [n\ 7 16| 5 131 6 4H14|[ 6 56| 5 32| 5 42, 



38 



Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 




'^ Z ^ 

oc « w 

^ br I- 

c 



E = <^ 



3 i; 

c c3 



CI w ^ 

00 (U «'= 

*^ s: (o 

c a, ■^ bJJ 

^ o 5. 



•< O <u 



■o ^ 



^ U 



o 

o 

CO 

w 
a 



c 



a c 



;7 a P. 



"5 'S ■=« 

C P rt 



0) X 



■S ^ - o 



3 w -w 



■" o cu 
^' >. ^ -^ 



:;i Dh 



♦j ^ M 



c w 



rt 



u 



.^ Kr — 



i; o 



C = ^ 

o -w 

c >. ~- 



bc ^ 






(D 



.a ,y <^ 'a 

f^ . o c 
<M « O t 



ca o 






e t- c 
O S tt 



h M ?: 



00 0) C< t- 03 

00 £ 0) oj ;:;; 

IH -kJ ,^ C hU 



5S 

0) bo 



•-—;;: o 






OJ K c .- 



6. i 






0) <i> 



t. « c <u 



3 C 



bo 
Oi 4) 



p3 K 4> 



aj >-< »- 



Q c E 
^ - o 



m jz 



it y^ be 

Or... 



Park and Forestry. 



39 



THE NEBRASKA PARK AND FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 

When the pioneer settlers first crossed the Missouri to the beautiful 
prairies of Nebraska they intuitively commenced sowing the seed of 
forestry by their persevering efforts to grow trees, flowers and orna- 
mental shrubs about their door yards. Gradually, but surely, the work 
of the enthusiastic tree planter gained influence, and the spirit of 
orcharding and shade tree culture spread until a sentiment prevailed over 
those newly settled districts that tree growing was a possibility on the 
once desert lands of America. 

The present advanced ideas on forestry development have been en- 
couraged, and their work in a measure marked out by the results of 
years in tree culture on the Nebraska prairie. Such men as J. Sterling 
Morton, Robt. W. Furnas, J. H. Masters, S. Barnard, Isaac Pollard, J. M. 
Russell, Dr. George L. Miller, C. S. Harrison, E. F. Stephens, Peter 
Youngers, and hosts of others are representatives of Nebraska's efforts 
in forestry, all equally energetic, demonstrative and persevering in their 
efforts to establish tree culture and forestry, not only a possibility on 
the treeless prairies of Nebraska, but a certainty, under proper conditions 
of care and cultivation Not until February 15, 1899, was there a call 
issued for a meeting to organize a State Park and Forestry Association. 
This meeting convened at the State University at Lincoln and organized 
by the election of C. S. Harrison of York as President; E. F. Stephens of 
Crete, Vice President; A. J. Brown of Geneva, Secretary; George A. 




A TYPICAL NEBRASKA PARK GARDEN. 



40 



Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 



Marshall of Arlington, Treasurer; J. Sterling Morton, Prof. C. E. Bessey 
and Peter Youngers, Directors. Harrison has been continued President 
to the present time. E. T. Hartley was elected Secretary in 1902, and 
L. D. Stilson succeeded him in 1903. A Manual on Tree Planting, con- 
taining 100 pages, was issued by the Association during 1903, which treats 
fully on varieties of trees, shrubs, etc., best adapted to Nebraska; also 
methods of planting and care of trees. A publication covering the sub- 
ject of plants for decoration of the grounds of the home, the school and 
church yard will be issued during 1904, which all home owners in 
Nebraska should have. It will tell how to make the home beautiful. 



O. V. p. Stont, Professor of Civil Engineering in the University and 
Irrigation Engineer of the Experiment Station, graduated from the Univer- 
sity of Nebraska in 1S88. He was tliree years in railway employ as civil 
engineer; two years municipal engineering; since 1891 at present location. 
For several years he has had charge of government work relating to irri- 
gation in Nebraska. 




H. E. HEATH'S HOME NEAR HANSCOM PARK, OMAHA. 



Nebraska State Officers. 



41 




42 Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 



George D. Folliner, Commissioner of Public Lands and Buildings, now 
serving his second term, was born in Pennsylvania in 1844. During the 
first ten years of his business career he held the position of clerk with 
various business houses. In 1S71 he located on a homestead in Nuckolls 
county, Nebraska. He is a farmer and stock grower, and considerably in- 
terested in real estate. (See page 41). 

ChnrleH Weston, Auditor of the State of Nebraska, was born in New 
York City in 1854. After graduating, in 1872, from the University of 
Illinois, to which state he removed at an early age, he practiced law in 
Chicago for some years. In 1886 he settled in Nebraska, where his interests 
have been diviiled between stock raising and mercantile and banking busi- 
ness. In 1893 he was elected a Regent of the University of Nebraska. His 
re-election to the office of Auditor bears evidence of his popularity. (See 
page 41). 

Peter MortenHen, Treasurer of the State of Nebraska, is a native of 
Denmark. He came to America in 1870, and commenced farming in Valley 
county, Nebraska, two years later. He was county treasurer for nine years; 
was assistant cashier and then president of the First National Bank, and 
one of the heavy stockholders in tlie Woodberry Milling Company at Ord, 
Neb. He is an extensive real estate owner, and gives much attention to 
agriculture and live stock. He was married in 1878 to Jennie Williams of 
Illinois, and has one son. (See page 41). 

George AV. Mnr.sli, now serving his second term as Secretary of State, 
was born in Missouri in 1852. His parents, who were what is provincially 
known as Pennsylvania Dutch, removed to Nebraska when he was seven 
years old. He attended the State Normal School two years, and taught 
school and farmed until 1884. He served two terms as county clerk, and 
two terms as county treasurer, after which he engaged in mercantile busi- 
ness, which he disposed of and became part owner and editor of tlie Falls 
City Journal. He has always been active in the political field. He has a 
family of four children, who reside in Lincoln. (See page 41). 

Frank N. Prout, Attorney General, was born in New Jersey in 1852. 
His education was received in Illinois, where he practiced law for six 
years. In 1881 he came to Nebraska, and was city attorney at Blue Springs 
seven years, when he removed to Beatrice, where he held the same posi- 
tion two years; in 1898 he was elected to the State Senate, serving on two 
committees; his nomination for Attorney General in 1902 was unanimous. 
Mr. Prout is a lawyer of much originality and resource. His name is con- 
nected with the celebrated case wherein a railroad company, wliich had 
refused to build a station and stop trains at Blue Springs, except upon 
terms which the city could not grant, was compelled to do so, after a hard 
fought legal battle. His biennial report is said to be a model and tlie first 
of its kind ever publislied. (See page 41). 

AN'illinm K. Fowler, Superintendent of Public Instruction, was born in 
1864 in New Jersey. He comes of sturdy Scotch peasantry, his parents hav- 
ing emigrated from Scotland about 1850. He graduated with the highest 
honors of his class from the New York City public schools, entering the 
College of the City of New York sixth in rank out of nearly 1.200 appli- 
cants. In the spring of 1SS3 the western fever brought him to the farm of 
his brothers in Dodge county, Nebraska, where he began teaching school; 
two years later he spent a year in study at Monmouth College, 111.; while 
yet 21 years of age he was principal of the Scribner, Neb., schools for one 
year; the year of 1888 he spent in Europe, taking a special course in the 
University of Edinburgh. After a brief experience as editor and publisher 
on his return to Nebraska, he again assumed the position of principal of 
schools at Scribner for a period of three years, when he was made superin- 
tendent of the Blair city schools. Mr. Fowler has held various prominent 
positions with the State Teachers' Association, and has been an active 
member of the National Educational Association since 1892, and is also a 
member of the National Department of City Superintendents. He Is an 
activfe ama keen wcrrker in all matters pertaining tb Uublib eflubutl'dn. (See 
page 41). 



Nebraska Congresdmdh. 



43 




44 Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 



John J. McCarthy, Conerr«ssman from th« Third District, was born in 
Wisconsin, in which state his father was a pioneer settler. He was reared 
on a farm; studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1888; for three terms 
he was county attorney, and a member of the lower house of the state 
legislature during two general sessions. He is a man of strong personality, 
and as an attorney his reputation extends beyond the limits of Nebraska. 
(See page 43). 

Elmer J. Burkett, Member of Congress from the First District, was born 
in Iowa. His early life was spent on a farm; he graduated from Tabor Col- 
lege in 1890, afterwards becoming principal of a school at Leigh, Neb. Two 
years later he entered the law school of the University of Nebraska, re- 
ceiving the degree L. L. M. He has been one of the foremost members of 
the Lancaster county bar since 1893. He was first a member of the lower 
house of the Legislature, then elected to Congress three times in succes- 
sion. (See page 43). 

George AV. Norrio, Member Congress from the Fifth District, was born 
in Ohio in 1861. Left fatherless in childhood, he worked on a farm during 
summer to pay school expenses in winter; worked his way through the 
Indiana Normal School and Baldwain at Berea, O. He studied law and in 
1883 was admitted to practice; but not until after two years more of school 
teaching was he able to purchase the necessary books and open up an 
office. After following his profession ten years he was elected to the dis- 
trict bench, to which he was re-elected in 1899. (See page 43). 

Mooes P. Kinknld, Member of Congress from the Sixth District, was 
born in West Virginia. He graduated from the law school of the Univer- 
sity of Michigan. In 1881 he removed from Illinois to Holt county, Ne- 
braska, where he has since resided. Elected to the 1883 State Senate and 
made Chairman of the Judiciary Committee; served for thirteen consecutive 
years on the district bench. In 1900 he was defeated as a candidate for 
Congress, but in 1902 was renominated and elected by a handsome majority. 
All his life he has been an unwavering Republican. (See page 43). 

Rdmund H. Hlnshavi-, Member of Congress from the Fourth District, 
is a native of Indiana, where he was born in 1860. He worked on his fath- 
er's farm and taught in a country school, and later attended Butler 
University at Indianapolis. Immediately after his graduation, in 1885, he 
settled at Fairbury, Neb., where he was superintendent of schools one 
year, resigning to take up the study of law; became clerk and attorney for 
the City of Fairbury; was county attorney; was defeated as candidate for 
Congress in 1898, but in 1902 was elected after a long struggle. (See 
page 43). 

Gilbert M. Hitchcock, Congressman from the Second District, was born 
in Omaha, Neb., in 18.")9, and is the son of the late United States Senator 
P. W. Hitchcock. His education began in the public schools of Omaha, 
was continued for two years in Baden Baden, Germany, and concluded at 
the law department of Michigan University, from which he graduated in 
1881. He practiced law until 1885, when he established and edited the 
Omaha Evening World. In 1889 he purchased the Morning Herald, which 
he consolidated with the Evening World, forming the present Morning and 
Evening World-Herald. In 1894 he gave up the editorial work to William 
J. Bryan, and undertook the business management of the paper, which he 
continues to pviblish. In 1883 he married the daughter of Ex-Governor 
C^unse; they have two daughters. In 1902 he was elected a member of 
the Fifty-eighth Congress, emphasizing his popularity by a majority of 
1,840 votes over his Republican opponent, In a district noted as a Repub- 
lican stronghold. (See page 43). 



In regard to a booXlet srlvlng Information in general as to Nebraska, 
as outlined by Nebraska Farmer, believe it would be one of the most 
desirable, acceptable and appreciated works that could be distributed East 
and West. Have lived in the state many years, traveled over it extnsivly, 
and would appreciatee such a publication. — Henry C. Smith, Dealer In Raal 
Betate. 



February, 1904. 



45 




MOON'S PHASES. 



F.M. 
L.Q. 

N.M. 
F.Q. 



BOSTON 

D. H. M. 

1 11 33 M. 

8 4 56 M. 
16 6 5 M. 
24 « 9 M. 



CHICAGO 

D. H. M. 

1 10 33 M. 

8 3 56M. 
16 5 5 M. 
24 5 9M. 



SEATTLB. 

D. H. M. 

1 8 83 M, 

8 1 66 M, 

16 3 5 M, 

24 3 9 Jr. 



HISTORICAL EVENTS, Etc. 



LATITUDE 

Of Boston, New 

England, Middle 
Staies,0.,lnd.,lll., 
Mo., Kan.. Neb., 
Iowa,Mich., Wis., 
Minn.,Or.&Wash. 



Sun 
rises. 



Sun 


sets. 


II. M. 


5 14 


5 15 


5 17 


5 18 


5 19 


5 20 



Moon 

rises. 



LATITUDE 

Of Charleston, N. 
«&3. C, Ga., Ala., 
Tenn., Miss'., La., 
Ark., T2X., New 
Mexico end Cal. 



Sun 
rises. 

H. M. 



Sun 

sets. 

H. M 



tloon 
rises. I 



^^Ist. (^ tj Q.^in perigee 
!^^ Piirif'n; Candlemas. 
Freedom of Greece, 1830. 
Rev, in Nicaragua, 1898. 
Treaty with Brazil, 1891. 
Ft Henry captured, 1862. 



rises 
6 48 

8 5 

9 16 

10 28 

11 37 



6 66 
6 55 
6 54 
6 54 
6 53 
6 52 



rises, 

7 

8 11 

9 16 

10 21 

11 25 



6. Sexagesima Sunday. Luke 8. lOh. 14m. Day's Length, lOh. 47m, 



7 


Su 


C gr. libration W. 


8 


M 


-«Sr8th.Gen.Sherm'n b.'20 
V^ Gen. Harrison b. 1773 


9 


Tu 


10 


W 


^ gr. elong. W. 25* 52'. 


11 


Th 


6 ^ a. 


12 


Fr 


6 9 <L' 


13 


Sa 


6 ^ <L. ^ int5. 



morn 

43 

1 45 

2 43 

3 37 

4 26 

5 8 



6 51 
6 50 
6 50 
6 49 
6 48 
6 47 
6 4G 



morn 
27 



7. Quinquagesima Sunday. Luke 18. lOh. 33m. Day's Length, lOh. 59m. 



141SU 
15M 
16 Tu 



20 Sa 



St. Valentine. 
6 h C . ([ in apogee, 
^^ 16th. Phrove Tuesday-. 
^P Ash Wednesday. 

6 $ a^ 6 11<L' 
Florida ceded, 1821. 
First public 'phone, 1877 



6 58 
6 57 
6 56 
6 55 
6 54 
6 53 



6 51 



5 38 



5 47 

6 21 
sets 

6 66 

7 54 

8 51 

9 52 



6 45 
6 44 
6 43 
6 42 
6 41 
6 40 
6 39 



5 27 

6 4! 
sets 

7 3 

7 56 

8 47, 

9 43 



8. Quadragesima Sunday. Matt. 4. lOh. 51m. Day's Length, llh. 12m. 



E'r hqu'keatCorinth/5S 
Washington b., 1732. 
y in aphelion. 
~ 24th.St.Mat.Emb.day 
Eattlec Trenton,1776 
6 $11- 6^'^- Emb. day 
9 in y. Ember day. 



>f 


6 49 


5 40 


10 521 


14 


6 38 


5 50 


T 


6 48 


5 41 


11 7l 


14 


6 37 


5 51 


T 


6 46 


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9. 2d Sunday in Lent. Matt. 15. llh. 10m. Day's Length, llh. 25m. 



28|Su Forrest Lieut. Gen., '65. gs 8 38 
29' M Leap year, extra day. S5 6 37 



5 43 4 40| lb 6 31 5 66 4 20 
5 49 5 27' 13 6 SO 5 56 5 lo! 



46 



Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 






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Missouri River, Near Peru. 



47 




48 Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 

THE NEBRASKA BEEKEEPERS' ASSOCIATION. 

The Nebraska State Beekeepers' Association was organized on Feb- 
ruary 8, 1879, at a meeting held in Omaha, the initiatory movement having 
been made by T. Smith Corbett, then a citizen of Omaha. The organiza- 
tion was completed by the election of the following officers: President, 
Hiram Craig, Fort Calhoun; First Vice President, J. R. Kennedy, Papil- 
lion; Second Vice President, J. H. Masters, Nebraska City; Fourth Vice 
President, J. W. Flynn, Fairfield; Fifth Vice President, T. L. Vandorn, 
Omaha; Sixth Vice President, Dr. Cochran, Tecumseh; Treasurer, J. N. 
Dynes, Papillion; Secretary, W. G. Pigman, Omaha; Assistant Secretary, 
W. C. B. Allen, Omaha. 

The following comprised the membership at the first annual meeting, 
held at Omaha on February 13 and 14, 1880: W. C. Pigman, Henry Brun- 
ing, Henry Ehrenfort, T. H. Pegeler, T. L. Vandorn, John Byers, T. Smith 
Corbett, J J. McLain. Perry M. Peckham, B. E. B. Kennedy, D. H. 
Wheeler, J. Valentine, W. H. Hart, G. Rusting, J. F. Sawyer, John G. 
Willis, H. Munger, W. C. B. Allen and G. W. Brewster, Omaha; J. T. 
Poland, Bellevue; Alvis Gramlich. John Gramlich, J. R. Kennedy, Cyrus 
Latham, J. N. Dynes and H. Sprague, Papillion; G. M. Hawley, Lincoln; 
Don J. Arnold, Brownville; James W. Flynn, Fairfield. 

At the annual meeting, held February 10, 1881, T. L. Vandorn of 
Omaha was elected President, and held this position until January 13, 
1886, when W. F. Wright was elected President, and Henry N. Patterson 
of Humboldt, Secretary. In 1887 R. R. Ryan was elected President; Sec- 
retary, Patterson, re-elected. In 1888 M. L. Trester was elected President, 
and J. N. Heater of Columbus, Secretary. Mr. Heater served three years, 
when L. D. Stilson of York was elected, who has served in the capacity 
of Secretary for twelve years. E. Whitcomb of Friend is now serving his 
thirteenth year as President, and is one of the best known apiarists in 
the country, having been at the head of Nebraska's bee and honey exhibits 
at all the leading expositions for the past fifteen years. 

At the time of the organization of the Beekeepers' Association the bee 
and honey industry was attracting considerable attention, some apiaries 
having as much as 100 hives of bees, and the outlook in general quite 
fiattering. The Missouri River Valley at this period had become famous 
for its numerous wild swarms of the black honey bee. The stocking up 
of apiaries from these wild swarms was quite common in those days. 

From the oldest historical records of the Missouri Valley country 
we find that more than 100 years ago the Indians were apprised of the 
existence of bees, in what is now known as Nebraska. In 1804-5, when 
the Lewis and Clark expedition passed up the Missouri River, they found 
wild honey near their camp, at a point where Dakota City now stands. 
It was on this occasion and when the officers were absent visiting the 
Omaha tribe of Indians located in this vicinity, that a member of the 
expedition, Sargeant Floyd, while hunting along the timbered bluffs to 
the southeast of the camp, found and robbed a colony of bees, eating so 
much of the honey that he became sick, from the effects of which he died 
the next day. The monument marking the grave of Sargeant Floyd still 
stands prominent on the high bluff overlooking the Missouri River at 



Nebraska Beekeepers. 



49 



Dakota City. The Lewis and Clark expedition records the earliest his- 
tory of the wild honey bee in Nebraska, given by authority of any white 
man. 

Secretary L. D. Stilson of the Nebraska Beekeepers' Association says 
in rehearsing the results of his research for the introduction of the 
honey bee into Nebraska, that it must be conceded that the honey bee 
was a "squatter" in the American Desert long before the white man 
crossed the Missouri. He also introduces the following letter from Henry 
Fontenelle, an educated Indian, dated Decatur, Neb., April 22, 1894: 

"Your esteemed letter was received three days ago. I have been wait- 
ing- to see some of our oldest men of the Omahas. They say that the honey 
bee has been found along the Missouri river as far back as they can re- 
member. I know that relatives of mine as far back as 1S40 in hunting for 
deer along the Missouri river came home with skin sacks weighing 50 to 
100 pounds of cooked and skimmed honey. I have heard the Omahas tell 
many times of finding honey among the hardwood timber on the Missouri 
50 and 60 years ago. Yours respectfully, 

HENRY FONTENELLE." 

The advance in beekeeping, to the present date, has been equal to 
any other branch of agricultural work. From the little beginning of a 
few hundred beekeepers in the state in 1879, there are now thousands, 
and the resources of nectar production are rapidly increasing. The flora 
of Nebraska that are of nectar value exceed those of any other district of 
country. The rapid increase of alfalfa production has supplied material 
for many times doubling the present apiary capacity of the State. 

The State Beekeepers' Association is one of the present-day active 
and prosperous associations in Nebraska, and has a reputation throughout 
the country as a practical, energetic, up-to-date organization that is a 
credit to the present management. 





Edward Whitcomb, President of 
the Nebraska Beekeepers' Asso- 
ciation, was born in Pennsyl- 
vania, October 24, 1843. When a 
j lad of 10 he moved to Lee county, 
Illinois. On the breaking out of 
the war of the rebellion he en- 
listed in Company A, Thirty- 
fourth Illinois "Volunteers; served 
to the end of the war, raising 
from the rank of private to that 
of second lieutenant in charge of 
the quartermaster's department of 
his regiment. It was during the 
foraging expeditions as quarter- 
master that Whitcomb first de- 
veloped an adaptation and love 
for the honey bee. He came to Nebraska in 1877. Homesteaded near Friend. 
Represented Saline county in the Legislature in 1877. For many years 
President State Beekeepers' Association. 

L. D. Stlison, Secretary Nebraska Beekeepers' Association, was born in 
Erie county, New York. Served with Forty-ninth New York State Volun- 
teers. Came to Nebraska in 1877, and homesteaded near York. For twelve 
years has been on the force of Farmers' Institute workers, his subjects be- 
ing "Bee Culture," "Tree Planting," and dairy work. For ten years he has 
been Secretary-Treasurer of the Nebraska Beekeepers' Association. Had 
charge of bee and honey exhibit at the Trans-Mississippi Exposition. 



E. WHITCOMB. 



L. D. STILSON. 



50 



Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 




March, 1904. 



51 




MOON'S PHASES. 





BOSTON 1 




T). 


H. M. 


F.M. 


1 


9 48 E. 


L.Q,. 


8 


8 1 E. 


N.M. 


17 


39 M. 


F.Q,. 


24 


4 37 E. 


K.M. 


31 


7 44 M. 



CHICAGO 1 


T). 


H. M. 


1 


8 48 E. 


8 


7 1 E 


16 11 39 E.I 


■2i 


3 37 E. 


31 


6 44 M. 



SEATTLB. 

D. H. M. 

1 6 48 E. 
8 5 1 E. 
16 9 39 E. 
24 1 37 E, 
31 4 44 M. 



HISTORICAL EVENTS, Etc. 



LATITUDE 

Of Boston, New 
England, Middle 
States,0.,lnd.,lll., 
Mo., Kan.. Neb., 
Iowa, Mich., Wis., 
Mlnn.,Or.&Wash. 



Sun 
rises. 



Sun 
sets. 



Moon 
rises. 

H. M. 



LATITUDE 

Of Chiarleston, N. 
& S. C, Ga., Ala., 
Tenn., Miss., La., 
Ark., Tex., New 
Mexico and CaL 



Sun 
rises. 

H. M. 



Sun 
sets. 

H. M. 



Moon 
rises. 

H. M. 



^^Ist. St.Dav. (Linperig 

i^^^Nicholas I. died, 1855. 

33abama admitted, 1819, 

Chicago chartered, 1837. 

Anton Mesmer died, 1815 



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5 52 
5 53 
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8 3 

9 16 
10 28 



6 29 
6 28 
6 27 
6 25 
6 24 



5 57 

5 58 
5 59 

5 59 

6 



rises 

6 54 

7 59 
9 7 

10 13 



10. 3d Sunday in Lent. Luke 11. llh. 30m. Day's Length, llh. 38m. 



The Peterhotf sunk, 1864. 
6 9h- (^ gr- iibration W. 

C8th. Treaty with Jap 
6^ a. [1854. 

FirstEnglishE.E., 1550. 
Philadelphia incor. , 1789. 
Bishop Berkeley b.,1684. 



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1 31 

2 23 

3 7 
3 47 



6 23 
6 22 



6 15 



11 15 
morn 

13 

1 8 

1 58 

2 44 

3 27 



11. 4th Sunday in Lent. John 6. llh. 51m. Day's Length, llh. 52m. 



Su 
M 
Tu 
W 
Th 
Fr 



6 91- Cm apogee. 
^ gr. hel. lat. 8. 
c^ ?C. 

i^l7th. c^ 2/ ([ .StPatrick 
6^(L 



Sa I Chas. IV. abdicates, '08 



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9 


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6 9 


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8 


6 7 


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If 


6 5 


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8 45 


8 


6 6 


6 11 



4 5 

4 40 

5 13! 
5 46, 

sets 

7 38; 

8 35 



12. 5th Sunday in Lent. John 8. 12h. 10m. Day's Length, 12h. 6m. 



20 


Su 


21 


M 


22 


Tu 


23 


W 


24 


Th 


25 


Fr 


26 


Sa 



©enters T- Spring begins 
Botany Bay settled,1787. 
C gr. Iibration E. 
Thos. Hughes died, 1896. 

324th. n W ©. 
Annunciation, 
d ? O superior. 



6 3 
6 1 

5 59 
5 58 
5 56 
5 51 
5 52 



6 13 
6 14 

6 15 
6 10 
6 17 



9 47 

10 48 

11 48 
morn 

47 



6 18 1 42 
6 191 2 32 



6 5 
6 4 
6 2 
6 1 
6 
5 58 
5 57 



6 11 
6 12 
6 13 
6 13 
6 14 
6 15 
6 15 



9 32 

10 30 

11 26 
morn 

23 

1 19 

2 11 



13. Palm Sunday. Matt. 27. 12h. 30m. Day's Length, 12h. 20m, 



The Planet Pallas dis.'28 
C in perigee. 
i^E'rthqu'kein Peru,'02 
^^31st.Char Bronte d'o5 



0^ 


5 51 


6 21 


3 18 


6 


5 56 


6 16 


g5 


5 49 


6 22 


4 


5 


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6 17 


f;i, 


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4 38 


5 


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5 45 


6 24 


5 14 


5 


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6 18 


^]l 


5 44 


6 25 


rises 


4 


5 50 


6 19 



3 0| 

3 47 

4 29 

5 11 
rises 



53 Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 

THE POULTRY INDUSTRY IN NEBRASKA. 

The poultry industry has made rapid growth in Nebraska for the 
past twenty-five years, and like all other farm industries in this State it 
has furnished the most astonishing evidences of rapid development. In 
1880 the chicken stock of Nebraska numbered 279,262, with a total egg 
product of 7,166,090 dozens. In 1890 the chicken population had increased 
to 7,395,368, with the stock of turkeys, geese and ducks numbering 503,- 
665, and an egg product of 23,300,684 dozens. This shows a farm value of 
Nebraska poultry products of $4,761,427 in 1890. In 1900 the census re- 
ports show the value of poultry to be $3,499,044, with an egg product 
valued at $4,068,000, making a total annual poultry product value for the 
year of $7,567,044, almost doubling in value in the ten-year period from 
1890 to 1900. The rate of increase in poultry production at the present 
time has never been exceeded. Not only has there been great encourage- 
ment in bettering the quality, but the influence of prices has added new 
life to production. 

A new feature of great market interest is the handling of poultry 
by the South Omaha packing plants. The Armour, Swift and Cudahy 
packing establishments are engaged in buying poultry and eggs, and this 
acts as a stimulant in the local markets, causing uniform and better 
prices to be paid by the hucksters and local dealers. Each of these firms 
has agencies established over the state who pay the highest cash prices 
for poultry, butter and eggs. At these collecting depots the produce is 
shipped as rapidly as car load lots are gathered, to South Omaha, where 
the shipments are sorted into grades. The fowls are slaughtered 
after the most approved method, cooled, packed in shipping cases 
holding a dozen fowls each, put into cold storage, where they are frozen, 
and remain there until the sale stock of the country is disposed of, then 
put on the market. The trade for this cold storage poultry commands 
shipments both east and west. Large consignments go to the European 
markets. Great Britain being the heaviest purchaser. 

At Swift's packing house there is a poultry feeding plant with a 
12,000 chicken capacity, a novel, yet very complete and successful enter- 
prise. The choice fowls are sorted out for this purpose and put into feed- 
ing crates racked up in tiers of five coops, or crates, high. These crates 
are made of rounds about three-fourths of an inch in diameter and hold 
two dozen fowls each. The bottoms are made of same material, per- 
mitting the droppings to collect in a sliding iron dropping board just 
beneath the slatted floor of the coop. The fowls are given three times 
a day all they will eat of a ground feed, oats, barley, wheat and corn 
mixed to a thin slop with buttermilk. No other feed or drink is given, 
and fourteen days is the average time of fattening under this process. 
The packing houses of South Omaha assert that with their present ca- 
pacity for handling poultry and poultry products they can furnish a ready 
market for many times more poultry than is now produced in Nebraska. 
Nebraska is a very healthful climate for fowls, and the opportunities 
offered in this line of work alone invite increased production of tens of 
millions of dollars. 



Biographies. 



63 




T. L. NORVAL. L. P. LUDDEN. J. K. HONEYWELL. S. C. BASSETT. 



T. li. Nerval was born in Fulton county, Illinois, in 1847. Educated in 
tlie common scliools; completed his general studies at Hedding- College of 
Illinois, and his law studies at Michigan University, receiving the degree 
of B. M. L. in 1871. In 1872 moved to Nebraska, locating at Seward, where, 
with his brotlier Richard, he commenced the practice of law under the 
firm name of Nerval Brothers. Was a member of the State Senate of 
1879; appointed Judge of the Fourth Judicial District in 1883, and elected 
twice his own successor, from which position he resigned in December, 
1889, to become Judge of the Supreme Court, where he served two terms 
of six years each. He is President of the State Poultry Association. 

liUther P. Ludden, Secretary of the Nebraska Poultry Association, was 
born in Virginia, removing to New York when a boy, and coming to Lin- 
coln, Neb., in 1889. He has been an active worker in the Association 
twelve years, and to his efficient work the wide influence of that associa- 
tion is largely due. At present he is a breeder of White Plymouth Rocks. 
Mr. Ludden had charge of the state relief commission in 1890-1 and 1894-5; 
has served on the Lincoln Board of Education nine years; and is a member 
of the State Board of Education. 

J. K. Honeywell, President State Dairymen's Association, was born in 
New Jersey in 1845; attended Presbyterian Academy at Blairstown, N. J.; 
graduated from Eastman's Commercial College, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. After 
two years' newspaper work he located on a homestead in Lancaster county, 
Nebraska, in 1868, residing in this county ever since; for twenty years 
Secretary and Treasurer of Lincoln Gas Co. Mr. Honeywell now manages 
a private dairy near Lincoln, keeps thoroughbred Jersey cows only; does 
not sell milk or cream, but makes butter, and of such a quality that it 
readily brings 30 cents a pound the year round. 

Samuel C. Bassett, Secretary of the State Dairymen's Association, is 
descended from John and Margery Bassett, who came from England to 
Connecticut in 1643. He was born in a log cabin in New York in 1844; 
graduated at Corning Academy; served as a volunteer until the close of 
the civil war. In 1867 he married Miss Lucia Baker, and five years later 
took a soldier's homestead of 160 acres in Buffalo county, Nebraska, where 
he has since resided. Beginning in 1872, with its organization, Mr. Bassett 
served twenty-one years as an officer of School District No. 8 of Buffalo 
county, which district since its organization has furnished free text books 
to all pupils. He was first President of the Dairymen's Association, or- 
ganized in 1885, serving as Secretary during thirteen of its sixteen years 
of existence. He has been a member of the Nebraska State Board of 
Agriculture since 1893, serving as President two years. A few years ago 
he was active in securing the adoption, by the Legislature, of an amend- 
ment to the school laws of the state, providing that "The elements of agri- 
culture, including a fair knowledge of the structure and habits of the 
common plants, insects, birds and quadrupeds" be taught In our common 
and high scboola. He was appointed Deputy Food Commissioner In 1901. 



64 Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 



THE NEBRASKA DAIRYMEN'S ASSOCIATION. 

The importance of organizing tlie dairy interests of Nebraska into a 
state association was first considered at a meeting of the Fine Stock 
Breeders' Association, held at Lincoln, February 25, 1885, where a few 
interested dairymen got together and effected an organization by adopt- 
ing a constitution and by-laws, and the election of oflacers. S. C. Bassett 
was elected President, and H. H. Wing, Secretary. 

Considerable interest and energy were thrown into the work by the 
members of the newly organized Association, in securing a large attend- 
ance of interested dairymen for the first annual meeting, which was held 
at Fremont on December 9 and 10, 1885. This meeting was in all respects a 
great success. It was held in the Opera House, and a large number 
were present; representatives from almost all counties in the eastern 
half of the state were present. Addresses were delivered by G. L. 
Loomis of Fremont, L. S. Coffin of Fort Dodge, la., Robt. W. Furnas of 
Brownville., J. W. Liveringhouse of Grand Island, W. D. Hoard of Wiscon- 
sin, A. T. Smith of Fairbury, D. P. Ashburn of Gibbon, Prof. C. E. Bessey 
of Lincoln, H. B. Nicodemus of Fremont, W. G. Whitmore of Valley, and 
W. A. Carpenter of Sutton. Others took an active part in the discussion 
of topics that the various papers and addresses brought out. 

The impetus that this first annual meeting of the State Dairymen's 
Association gave the organization is responsible in a great measure for 
the success achieved in later years, and the influence that the Dairy Asso- 
ciation holds as a factor in state agricultural organization. 

The officers elected at the Fremont convention in 1885 were: Presi- 
dent, J. Dixon Avery, Fremont; Vice President, E. Mclntyre, Seward; 
Secretary and Treasurer, H. H. Wing, Lincoln; Board of Directors, S. C. 
Bassett, Buffalo county; W. G. Whitmore, Douglas county; O. M. Druse, 
Lancaster county; H. B. Nicodemus, Dodge county; Vice Presidents, R. 
W. Furnas, Neraaha county; Allen Root, Douglas county; J. W. Livering- 
house, Hall county; D. P. Ashburn, Buffalo county; D. A. Cowell, Gage 
county; Davis Richardson, Merrick county; J. O. Chase, Fillmore county; 
H. H. Brainard, Dodge county; J. J. King, Cuming county; J. B. Dinsmore, 
Clay county; Thomas Carroll, Adams county; Smith Atkins, Seward 
county; Henry Fry, York county; J. G. Southwick, Lancaster county. The 
annual membership started with 70 persons, who were well distributed 
over the eastern counties of the state, and whose success in some features 
of the dairy business influenced others to take up the work until now 
Nebraska stands among the foremost in dairy production. 

Professor Wing served as Secretary and Treasurer until his removal 
from the state, June 13, 1887, at which date S. C. Bassett was by the 
Board of Directors appointed Secretary and Treasurer, and served con- 
tinuously until March 31, 1898. F. H. Vaughn was then elected and served 
during the years 1898 and 1899, when S. C. Bassett was again elected 
Secretary and Treasurer, and has served from that date to the present 
time. 1903. 

The Presidents elected are as follows: 1886, J. Dixon Avery; 1887, 
W. G. Whitmore; 1888, J. W. Liveringhouse; 1889, J. C. Merrill; 1890, D. P. 
Ashburn; 1891, J. H. Rushton; 1892, E. J. Hainer; 1893, Wm. Sutton; 



Dairy Industry. 55 



1894, W. A. Carpenter; 1895, B. R. Stouffer; 1896, E. F. Howe; 1897, F. H. 
Vaughn; 1898, Geo. E. Haskell; 1899-1900, John J. King; 1901, J. H. 
Rushton; 1902, E. S. Snively; 1903, J. K. Honeywell. 

The present officers of the Association (1903) are: President, J. K. 
Honeywell, Lincoln; Vice President, J. S. Clark, Jr., Ravenna; Secretary 
and Treasurer, S. C. Bassett, Gibbon; Directors, B. R. Stouffer, J. C. 
Merrill, William F. Ulrich, L. D. Stilson and Prof. A. L. Haecker. 



NEBRASKA'S DAIRY INDUSTRY AND ITS VALUE. 

June 1, 1900, Nebraska reported, in the General Census, a dairy cow 
population of 512,544, valued at $17,192,120. The butter product from 
these cows was 46,244,839 pounds; 11,726,180 pounds of this was made in 
factories, and 34,518,659 pounds made on farms. The cheese made on 
farms, 264,430 pounds, and in factories, 313,600 pounds, making a total 
cheese product of 578,030 pounds. The total value of all dairy products 
for 1900, $8,595,408. In 1901 the dairy cow or milk cow population had 
increased to 618,894, or 20% per cent, which at this rate of increase, and 
estimated upon the same basis of values, would at the close of 1903 show 
an annual dairy product value for Nebraska of $15,000,000. 

In 1900 Nebraska had a cow population other than that classed as 
milk or dairy cows, of 674,025. These cows were employed in raising 
calves on the ranges In the western part of the State, and were available 
to draw from for dairy extension. This explains how easily the increase 
in dairy production can be made where large herds of breeding stock 
are kept. 

The posibilities of Nebraska in dairy production are practically with- 
out limit, so extensive and abundant are the resources for development. 
In no district of country in the world are the herds so free from con- 
stitutional ailments and infectious bovine diseases. The unlimited supply 
of pure water from hundreds of beautiful, clear, running streams; the 
nutritious native grasses of more than 200 varieties; the cultivated tame 
grasses, especially alfalfa, with the most congenial and well balanced 
climate for health and development of the domestic animals, combine to 
make this the stock grower's paradise. 



MOVING THE CAPITOL OF NEBRASKA FROM OMAHA TO 

LINCOLN. 

One of the most important events in the history of Nebraska was 
the moving of the Capitol from Omaha to Lincoln, in 1867, and locating 
it on an almost unbroken prairie. A commission consisting of Governor 
Butler, Auditor Gillespie and Secretary Kennard had been appointed by 
the Legislature to select a site for the location of the Capitol, and on 
July 29, 1867, decided on the present location, where the City of Lincoln 
now stands. The stone used in the construction of the first Capital build- 
ing was drawn by Ox team from quarries in Gage county. This was before 
railroad facilities were provided. 



56 Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 

THE SCHOOL SYSTEM OF NEBRASKA. 

This great state occupies an unrivaled position in liaving the lowest 
per cent of illiteracy of any state in the Union. Nowhere has the value 
of a common school education been more generally and universally ac- 
knowledged, nor has the free secondary and higher education been neg- 
lected. 

The Constitution of Nebraska, adopted in 1875, declared that all 
moneys arising from the sale or leasing of sections number 16 and 36 in 
each township in this state should be perpetual funds for common school 
purposes, of which the annual interest or income only can be appropri- 
ated; and the interest on these lands sold and leased, together with that 
on warrants, county bonds and school district bonds, certain fees and 
licenses, and the State school tax of 1% mills or less upon the dollar of 
assessed valuation of all taxable property in the State, provides a sum 
in excess of $000,000 apportioned annually to all the common school dis- 
tricts of the State. This amount will increase from year to year, rather 
than diminish. Local school districts may tax themselves not to exceed 
25 mills on the dollar of assessed valuation. All fines, penalties and 
license moneys are appropriated exclusively to the use and support of 
the common schools in the respective subdivisions where they may 
accrue. 

The Constitution also states that the Legislature shall provide for the 
free instruction in the common schools of all persons between the ages 
of five and twenty-one years. Free education, including free textbooks 
and supplies, is furnished in all school districts in the State. School 
government, organization and management in Nebraska is almost purely 
local, each one of the G,GG6 districts being responsible for its own school. 
Each district provides a full course of instruction in all of the eight 
grades or years of work below the ordinary High school, and many of 
them furnish graduate certificates upon their completion of this work. 
The course includes reading, writing, spelling, arithmetic, grammar, 
geography, history, physiology, etc. In some of the larger cities of the 
State kindergartens have been established. 

When a school district has a population of 150 or more children of 
school age, it may organize a High school district and furnish free High 
school privileges to all its pupils who complete the eight grades of work 
below the High school. We have in Nebraska nearly 100 villages main- 
taining a High school of one year, or a total of nine grades of work; there 
are 150 villages with High schools of two years; 80 villages or cities with 
High schools of three years, and 85 cities in the State maintaining a full 
four years' High school course, many of them differentiated into classical, 
scientific, English and commercial courses. Above these we have as a 
superstructure the magnificent University of Nebraska, with its faculty 
of 200 and an attendance of more than 2,500. The University has a heavy 
endowment from lands donated to the State by the United States, and 
is supported by the proceeds of investment of a permanent fund, by 
other incomes, and by a tax of 1 mill upon the dollar of assessed valuation 
of the State. 



Omaha High School. 



67 




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58 Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 

are alive and awake to the educational calls and needs of the day. 
Besides the State Normal at Peru, a new Normal has recently been 
located at Kearney. The State department of education also conducts 
annually five Junior Normal Schools, summer sessions of ten weeks 
each, at as many different points over the State, particularly in the north 
and west. Associations of teachers are held frequently, county, con 
gressional, district and state, and the county summer institutes are well 
attended and profitable. 

Teachers' associations of late years, however, differ materially from 
those of a few years ago, in that school board associations, patrons' meet- 
ings, women's clubs and other auxiliary associations are now frequently 
held in connection with the teachers' gatherings. A majority of the 
teachers of Nebraska carry on reading circles for their own benefit and 
last year devoted a large proportion of their time to the study of the ele- 
ments of agriculture, as a knowledge of that branch is now required for a 
teacher's certificate. 

More and more attention is being paid to the environment of the 
child, and better school buildings are being erected, with a view to the 
greater comfort and convenience of the child, with better seating, light- 
ing, heating and ventilating. 

The tendency in Nebraska is not toward a larger number of school 
districts and more schoolhouses, but rather toward a diminution in the 
number of districts. We desire to unite the weaker districts and weaker 
schools that better and stronger schools may be established. 



DEPARTMENT OF NEBRASKA GRAND ARMY OF 
THE REPUBLIC. 

The G. A. R. in Nebraska was first constituted a provisional depart- 
ment July 10, 18G7, but no reports were made to national headquarters 
and it was soon dropped from the rolls. 

In 1874 J. E. Philpot of Lincoln was appointed Provisional Commander 
and on August 2Gth of the same year he was at his own request relieved 
and Paul Van Dervoort of Omaha was appointed Commander. Judge Lee 
S. Estelle, the present Department Commander, was appointed his 
Assistant Adjutant General. 

On June 12, 1877, the first Department Encampment organized, and 
officers were elected. From that date the membership gradually in- 
creased, until June 30, 1893, there was reported in good standing at that 
date 8,625. Since that time the membership has gradually decreased, until 
June 30, 1903, reports show 4,921 in good standing. 

L. M. SCOTHORN, A. Q. M. G. 



NEBRASKA'S FIRST POSTOFFICE. 

The first postofficc in Nebraska was established in Bellevue in 1849, 
through the efforts of Peter A. Sarpy, an Indian trader, then located at 
that place. The first regular appointment of postmaster at Bellevue came 
six years later, and subsequent to the passage of the act creating Ne- 
braska territory. D. E. Reed was the postmaster appointed, and held the 
office in the old mission house, where his wife, Mrs. Reed, taught the 
first white school ever opened in Nebraska. 



April, 1904. 



59 




MOON'S PHASES- 





BOSTON 


CHICAGO 




D. H. M. 


D. H. M. 


L.Q,. 


7 53 E. 


7 11 53 M 


N.M. 


15 4 53 E. 


15 3 53 £. 


F.Q. 


22 11 55 E. 


22 10 55 E. 


F.M. 


29 5 36 E. 


29 4 36 E 



SEATTLE. 

D. H. M. 

7 9 53 M. 

15 1 63 E. 

•22 8 55 E. 

29 2 36 E. 



D. ID. 

M. W. 



HISTORICAL EVENTS, Etc. 



LATITUDE 

Of Boston, New 
England, Middle 
States, 0.,lnd., 111., 
Mo., Kan.. Nob., 
Iowa, Mich., Wis., 
Minn.,Or.&Wash. 



Sun 
rises. 

H. M. 



Sun 
sets. 



Moon 
rises. 

H. M. 



LATITUDE 

Of Charleston, N. 
& S. C, Ga., Ala., 
Tenn., Miss., La., 
Ark., Tex., New 
Mexico and Cal. 



Sun 
rises. 

H. M. 



Sun 
sets. 



Moon 
rises. 

H. M. 



9 in aphelion. Good Iri. 
Prof. Morse died, 1872. 



"t;^ 5 42 6 26 8 3 
-- 5 40 6 27 9 14 



4 5 49 6 20 7 51 
4 5 48 6 20 8 57 



14. Easter Sunday. John 20. 12h. 49ra. Day's Length, 12h. 35m. 



Sin^. 

§ stationary, (fgr. lib.W. 
Robert Raikes d., 1811. 
6 $([. 

7th. ^ in perihelion. 

Lee surrendered, 1865. 



6 28 
6 29 
6 31 
6 32 
6 33 
6 34 
6 35 



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11 19 
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15 

1 3 

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6 22 
6 22 
6 23 
6 24 
6 25 
6 25 



9 59 

10 57| 

11 51 
morn' 

39, 

1 24 

2 4' 



15. Low Sunday. John 20. 13h. 9m. Day's Length, 12h. 49m. 



6'h a. t in apogee. 
Battle of Ravenna, 1512. 
French fleet cap., 1782. 
6 9C. 

" 15th. Matt. Arnold d.. 
6 ^C. 



Vj 



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6 37 
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6 40 
6 41 
6 42 
6 43 



sets 



6 26 
6 27 
6 27 
6 28 
6 29 
6 29 
6 30 



sets 



16. 2d Sunday after Easter. John 10. 13h. 29m. Day's Length, 13h. 2m. 



^gr. hel. lat. N. 
DoUinger Excom'd,1871. 

6 W <L- 

^gr. elong. E. 20° 12' 
22d.Cortez landsMex., 
6 9:y.St.Geo. [1519. 



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6 31 
6 32 
6 32 
6 33 
6 34 
6 35 
6 35 



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9 22; 

10 19 

11 16 
morn 

8 
58 



17. 3d Sunday after Easter. John 16. 13h. 47m. Day's Length, 13h. 15m. 



9 gr. hel. lat. b. 
St. Mark. 

C in perigee. 
R W. Emerson d., 1882 
Dan. Counts behea'd,1772 
^^29th . Macread V d. ,1873 
\^ H gr. hel. \i\{. 8. 



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60 



Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 








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61 




62 Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 



THE NEBRASKA STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 

The Nebraska State Historical Society was organized September 26, 
1878, at Lincoln, with a membership comprising thirty-six prominent men, 
representing sixteen counties. A constitution adopted at that time re- 
mained without change until 1883, when the Society was made a state 
institution. The first president and prime mover in organizing the 
Society was Robert W. Furnas, who occupied the position from 1878 to 
1891, and from 1903 to date. The interim was filled by the presidency of 
J. Sterling Morton. 

From a small biennial appropriation in 1883, the State support of 
the work of the Society has grown steadily to $10,000 in 1901 and 1903. 
During the twenty-two years of the eleven bienniums, the Society has 
had $43,000 from the State. With this it has built up a library of 25,000 
titles, a museum of 50,000 relics and scientific specimens, a newspaper 
library of 2,000 volumes, thousands of original manuscripts and photo- 
graphs; has published ten volumes of proceedings and collections; 
has filled full the 4,000 square feet of floor surface occupied by the 
Society since 1893 in the Library building of the State University; and 
has begun a careful archeological survey of the State. 

Officers, 1903 — President, Robert W. Furnas, Brownville; First Vice 
President, Charles S. Lobinger, Omaha; Second Vice President, Henry 
T. Clarke, Omaha; Secretary, Prof. Howard W. Caldwell, Lincoln; Treas- 
urer, Charles H. Gere, Lincoln; Governor, John H. Mickey, Lincoln; Chan- 
cellor of University, E. Benjamin Andrews, Lincoln; President State 
Press Association, C. J. Bowlby, Crete. These latter three are ex-officio 
members, and the entire official list constitutes an Executive Board. 

The office staff consists of the following officers, who carry on the 
work: Jay Amos Barrett, curator and librarian, in charge; A. E. Shel- 
don, director of field work; E. E. Blackman, archeologist; Daisy M. Palin, 
newspaper clerk. 

The objects of the Society are: Maintenance of a library of western 
and local material, particularly of history, sociology, archeology, gene- 
alogy, and newspapers; to gather and preserve all manuscript and printed 
material relating to Nebraska, and the things which illustrate the re- 
sources of the State and the progress of the Nebraska people; to gather 
all the newspapers of the State and bind them for reference; to main- 
tain a general museum and encourage the State scientists to gather and 
maintain museums of the plant, animal and mineral life of the State 
and the West; to publish as much of valuable historical and scientific 
material as possible. 



Henry B. AVard. Professor of Zoology in Nebraska State University, 
was born in New York, in 1865. He graduated from Williams College, and 
took post-graduate courses in Germany and at Harvard University. He 
taught in tlie I'niversity of Michigan, had charge of biological work under 
the Michigan Fish Commission on Lake Michigan, and a similar position on 
the Great I-.akes under the United States Fish Commission; associate editor 
American Naturalist; zoologist Nebraska State Board of Agriculture. He 
has written numerous books and pamplilets, and is one of the ablest men 
of his profession in this country. His picture is first in second row of 
group, page 19. 



Nebraska Products, 1898. 



63 




64 Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 



HISTORY OF THE NEBRASKA STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 

What is known as the Nebraska State Board of Agriculture, was 
originally created by an act of the Territorial Legislature, with per- 
petual existence, approved October 14, 1858, entitled " An act to establish 
a Territorial Board of Agriculture." The bill for this act Was prepared, 
and its pasage secured by efforts of Robert W. Furnas, then a member 
of the Council branch (now Senate) of the Legislature. 

The provisions of the act for the formation of a Board of Agriculture 
were: That it should consist of sixteen members, the term of office for 
one-half to be for one year, and the other half for two years, thus pro- 
viding for the election of one-half of its members each year. The Board 
elected its own members and officials, as it does at the present time. 
The act also provided that the President of County Agricultural Societies 
thereafter organized, and in active working existence, should be ex- 
officio members of the Territorial Board. 

The original members named in the act were: Thomas Gibson, 
Harrison Johnson, A. D. Jones, E. Estabrook, J. M. Thayer, Christian 
Bobst, Robert W. Furnas, Jesse Cole, S. A. Chambers, Jerome Hoover, 
Mills. S. Reeves, Broad Cole, J. C. Lincoln, Harlan Baird, Joel T. Griffen, 
and E. H. Chaplin. 

A majority of these members named in the act, met at the " Hern- 
don " House (now Union Pacific railroad headquarters), Omaha, October 
30, 1858. A temporary organization was had by calling John M. Thayer 
(now Ex-Governor Thayer) to the chair, and A. D. Jones (the first Omaha 
postmaster), as Secretary. Among other transactions at this meeting, 
the term of service of members were, by lot, apportioned. Those for 
one year were: Thomas Gibson, E. Estabrook, J. M. Thayer, C. Bobst, 
J. Hoover, M. S. Reeves, Broad Cole and H. Baird. Those for two years 
were: H. Johnson, A. D. Jones, R. W. Furnas, J. Cole, S. A. Chambers, 
J. C. Lincoln, J. T. Griffen, E. H. Chaplin. 

At this meeting provisions were made for a Board of Managers, con- 
sisting of five members of the Board. They were: E. H. Chaplin, Doug- 
las county; H. Baird, Dakota; M. S. Reeves, Otoe; Broad Cole, Cass; C. 
Bobst, Pawnee. The permanent organization was: Robert W. Furnas 
of Nemaha county. President; A. D. Jones of Douglas county, Secretary; 
and John M. Thayer of Douglas county. Treasurer. 

Provisions were made for holding a three days fair, commencing on 
the third Wednesday of September, 1859. Propositions were to be 
solicited for a point at which to hold the first fair. The award was made 
to Nebraska City, where the fair was held, September 21, 22 and 23, 
1859. The fair was held in a shaded grove near Nebraska City. No 
enclosing fence, no buildings, save a lean-to shed, in which all, except 
live stock, was exhibited. Horses and cattle were hitched to trees. 
Swine were provided for with hastily improvised pens. The limited 
premiums awarded were paid for from the pockets of members of the 
Board. From the tail end of a farm wagon backed in the shade of a 
tree, J. Sterling Morton delivered the first agricultural address. This 
address can be found in full in the State Board of Agriculture annual 
report for the yfear 1902. 



state Board of Agriculture. 65 

At the first meeting of the Board, a committee was appointed to 
report a Constitution, By-laws, Rules and Regulations to govern the 
Board, with some amendments to meet the growing demands of the 
Board. They are substantially today what they were then. 

State Board of Agriculture Under State Legislation. — The law was 
amended in 1867, when Nebraska became a State, under which the fol- 
lowing persons were made a body corporate in the name and style of the 
Nebraska State Board of Agriculture, with perpetual succession, so 
that the term of service of one-half of the members should expire an- 
nually on the day of the annual meeting: S. M. Kirkpatrick, O. P. 
Mason, C. H. Walker, George Crow, J. G. Miller, John Patrick, John 
Ritchie, John Cadmore, Samuel Maxwell, Elam Clark, Isaac Albertson, 
Amos Gates, Geo. A. Hall, Wm. Imelay, E. A. Allen, H. M. Reynolds, W. 
D. Scott, A. S. Holiday, John B. Bennett, B. Gates, Louis A. Walker, J. 
Sterling Morton, J. W. Hollingshead, G. P. Thomas, J. B. Stout, Henry 
Sprick, S. W. Kennedy, A. L. Childs and Anderson Miller. 

The above named persons, twenty-nine in number, constitute the 
charter membeio cf the Nebraska State Board of Agriculture, being given 
this honored distinction by an act of the Legislature. The same law and 
the provisions governing the State Board of Agriculture prevail today 
that did at the beginning, thirty-six years ago, when this organization was 
created. The representation for the State, of twenty-nine members on 
the State Board of Agriculture, remains the same, the same system of 
electing the Board, the same delegate representation from the county 
agricultural societies, the same form of county reports, the same sys- 
tem of publication. 

The first public record of the organization of the State Board of 
Agriculture, available, is in 1872, in which the term of ofllce of the fol- 
lowing members is indicated as expiring in the month of September, 1872: 

D. H. Wheeler, J. W. Shannon, John Mutz, Oliver Harmon, R. D. 
Simpson, J. T. Allen, F. A. Tisdel, Jr., John L. Carson, John A. Ewing, 
M. Vandeventer, Geo. B. Graif, F. M. Dininny, C. F. Eckhart, H. P. Cool- 
idge. And the members whose term expires September, 1873, are O. P. 
Mason, C. Childs, D. H. Parmalee, J. Sterling Morton, C. H. Winslow, 
C. H. Walker, J. W. Hollingshead, G. F. Taylor, L. A. Walker, J. M. 
Young, J. T. Clarke, Geo. F. Thomas, Dr Geo. L. Miller, C. A. Ellsworth 
and J. D. Moore. These lists indicate that there had been considerable 
new material introduced into the State Board following the creation of 
the Board in 1867. 

The officers in 1872 were: Robert W. Furnas, President; J. Sterling 
Morton, First Vice President; J. T. Allen, Second Vice President; D. H. 
Wheeler, Secretary; J. W. Moore, Treasurer. Board of Directors, or 
what is now designated Board of Managers: W. H. B. Stout, J. M. 
Young, D. A. Sherwood, C. H. Walker and C. H. Winslow. 

Since that date, the Presidents of the Board have been: J. Sterling 
Morton, R. R. Greer, S. M. Barker, R. H. Henry, Ed. Mclntyre, John Jensen, 
Martin Dunham, J. T. Clarkson, E. A. Barnes, M. Doolittle, S. C. Bassett 
B. L. Vance and John B. Dinsmore, the present incumbent. Mr. Dinsmore, 
years before the present occupancy, had served two terms as President. 



66 ' Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 

The Secretaries have been: A. D. Jones, C. H. Walker, D. H. Wheeler, 
J. C. McBride and the present incumbent, Robert W. Furnas. 

The Treasurers have been: J. M. Thayer, L. A. Walker, J. W. 
Moore, C. Hartman, L. A. Kent and Ed. Mclntyre, serving at present. 

From the first territorial fair held in 1859, to the present, the Ne- 
braska Board of Agriculture has been a potent factor and of incalculable 
value in advertising and making known, through its publications and 
fair work, the products, resources and possibilities of the " New West " — 
that region of the national domain west of the Missouri river, and east 
of the Rocky mountains, known only as the Great American Desert until 
the adventurous pioneer proved otherwise. 

The first fair held under the direction of the State Board of Agri- 
culture was at Nebraska City. In 1871 the State Fair was held at 
Brownville. In 1872 and 1873 at Lincoln, and in 1874 and 1875 at Omaha. 
Soon after this a provision for the location of the fair for a period of 
five years quieted the strife to some extent among the competing points. 
Thus it will be observed that in the early history of this Association, 
the matter of the State Fair location was a feature of more general inter- 
est to the public than the actual exhibition interests of the fair. 

The importance of a permanent location for a State Fair has been 
well demonstrated in the experience of older states, and the permanency 
these institutions have assumed where state agricultural education and 
development is greatest. This affords sufficient argument for any state 
to establish a home for its State Fair, and then make it the most at- 
tractive and beautiful spot in the State. 

The later history of the Nebraska State Board of Agriculture is 
fresh in the minds of all our citizens. The good it is accomplishing and 
the added benefits that might accrue by a different system of manage- 
ment cannot well be measured except in the mind of the critic. It is pos- 
sible that great changes will come and advancements be made in the 
work of the State Board. The work of procuring more accurate agri- 
cultural statistics could readily be taken up by the State Board of 
Agriculture and made a part of its official duty. There should be no 
better authority for this work than the organization composed of the 
leading representatives of agriculture in the State. 

As an organizatin fr the exhibition of the agricultural interests and 
industries in the State, the State Board of Agriculture has acquired a rep- 
utation that has given it a prominent place in the ranks of State Fairs. 



Edmund G. MeGilton, Lieutenant Governor of Nebraska, has the dis- 
tinction of being' one of tiie large men among the state officers, not only 
because of his stature, which is six feet four, but as well in his broadness 
of views, ability and capacity for work. He was born in Wisconsin in 1859. 
His father was one of the pioneers of the state, and his mother was de- 
scended from an old and illustrious New England family, founded by 
Richard Burke of Masachusetts, who was born about 1640. Edmund 
MeGilton graduated from the University of Wisconsin in 18S3; later grad- 
uated from the law department of the same school. In 18SS he removed to 
Omaha, Neb., where he has practiced law ever since — in partnersliip first 
with H. P. Stoddard, later with Cavanaugh and Thomas, and again with 
McCabe and Elmer, since then attending to his practice alone. He never 
held a city or county office until elected Lieutenant Governor of the State 
of Nebraska. He was married in 1889, and has a daughter. (See page 41). 



state Board of Agriculture. 



67 




J. B. DINSMORE. R. W. FURNAS. ED. McINTYRE. 



C. H. RUDGE. 



Jobn B. Dinsniore was born in Chautauqua county, New York, of 
Scotch-Irish parentage, on his mother's side tracing to John Alden of May- 
flower fame. Was reared on a farm; attended common schools and spent 
a year at Grand River Institute in Ohio. Enlisted in civil war as a private; 
promoted to Lieutenant; and served a considerable time as Provost Marshal. 
Married Miss Helen M. Matteson in New York; engaged in farming and mei'- 
cantile pursuits seven years. In 1872 settled on a homestead in Clay county, 
Nebraska, which he improved and used as a stock farm until 1893; has 
served as County Commissioner, Sheriff, County Clerk, and Senator. In 
1877 opened bank of Grimes & Dinsmore, now Sutton National Bank, of 
which he has been President since. Has been a member fo the State Board 
of Agriculture since 1877, serving as President and as Chairman of Board 
of Managers. Was Superintendent of Cattle, Swine and Fat Stock at the 
Columbian Exposition in 1893, and Commissioner in charge of Live Stock, 
Dairy and Poultry at the Trans-Mississippi Exposition in 1898. 



Robert AV. Furnas was born in Ohio in 1824; came to Nebraska in 18.55; 
took an active part in all public enterprises from the time he became a 
citizen; was Governor of the State from 1873 to 1875; has been identified 
with the State Board of Agriculture since its organization in 1858; is ex- 
tensively and popularly known as a leading agriculturist and horticulturist. 



E^dmuntl Molntyre was born in the Greene Mountains, Vermont, May. 
1840. He married in 1870, came west and homesteaded in Lancaster county. 
Nebraska, in April of that year. In 1873 became member of the State 
Board of Agriculture; was President of the Board in 1882-3, and since then 
and at this time Treasurer of the Board. He has taken an active interest 
in public enterprises of the State and is known and appreciated as a man 
of sterling worth, of methodical habits and is one of the most enterprising 
and progressive citizens of the State. 



C. H. Ruilgc is a native of Ohio; his early life was spent on a farm. 
He was employed by a mercantile firm ten years, then branched out for 
himself in the hardware business at Lincoln. In 1902 he added a complete 
stock of furniture, carpets and queensware, and interested with him a part- 
ner. Mr. Rudge has always taken an active interest in all public enter- 
prises affecting iiis home town, and the permanent location of the State 
Fair at Lincoln is due largely to his efforts. After filling a avacancy on 
the State Board of Agriculture in 1900, he was appointed a member of the 
Board of managers, and the past two years has served as Chairman of the 
Board. 



68 



Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 





P. YOUNGERS. 



W. R. MELLOR. 



G. R. WILLIAMS. 



VVAliani R. Mellor is a native of Indiana; his father was a farmer. On 
the return of his father from the civil war, the family moved to Lowell. 
Mass., but returned to Indiana in 1867. where W. R. Mellor received a com- 
mon school education. He came to Nebraska in 188.5, locating at Loup City, 
where he has since resided on a homestead adjoining town. In 1889 he 
entered the law office of J. R. Scott, admitted to the bar in 1894. In late 
years he has been engaged in real estate business. Was a member of the 
State Board of Agriculture in 1897, and has been one of the Board of Man- 
agers for the past four years. 



Peter Youngers was born in 1852. In his infancy his parents removed 
to New York City; later he was employed as office boy on Wall street. In 
1871 he came to Nebraska, locating in Fillmore county and resided on the 
farm until three years ago. He has been engaged in the nursery business thirty 
years; has been Treasurer of the State Horticultural Society seven years; 
Treasurer of Nurserymens's National Protective Association six years; 
Superintendent of Horticulture at the Trans-Mississippi Exposition, and Is 
a member of the Board of Managers of the State Board of Agriculture 



G. R. WIlHaiiis was born on a farm In New York in 1844; has always 
been engaged in farming and dairying. Moved to Nebraska in 1878, locating 
In Douglas county. He served two terms as County Commissioner, and has 
been closely identified with agricultural and stock feeding interests, being 
at the present time a member of the Board of Managers of the State Board 
of Agriculture. 



WHAT ANDREW CARNEGIE SAID ABOUT CATTLE RAISING 
IN NEBRASKA TWENTY-FIVE YEARS AGO. 

" We traverse all clay a vast prairie watered by the Platte. Nothing 
could be finer. Such fields of corn, such herds of cattle grazing at will, 
endless herds of cattle uutrammeled by fences. No wonder we export 
beef, for it is fed here for nothing, and horses and cattle thrive on the 
rich grasses as if fed on oats; no flies, no mosquitoes.nothing to dis- 
turb or annoy while the pellucid streams that run through the ranches 
furnish the best of water. Large profits have been made in the trade — 
the best assurance that it will grow." — Andrew Carnegie, Oct. 20, 1878. 



May, 1904. 



<9 




MOON'S PHASES. 



L.Q. 

N.M. 
F.Q. 
F.M. 



BOSTON 

'. H. M. 

' 6 60M- 
15 5 58 M 
22 5 19 M. 
29 3 55M. 



CHICAGO 1 


r>. 


H. M. 


7 


5 50 M 


15 


4 58 M. 


22 


4 19 M. 


29 


2 55 M 



SEATTLE. 

D. H. M. 

7 3 50 M. 

15 2 58 M. 

12 2 19 M. 

?9 55 M. 



HISTORICAL EVENTS, Etc. 



LATITUDE 

Of Boston, New 
England, Middle 
States, 0.,lnd., 111., 
Mo., Kan.. Neb., 
Iowa, Mich., Wis., 
Mlnn.,Or.&\Vash. 



Sun 
rises, 
n. M 



Sun 
sets. 



Moon 
rises. 

H. M. 



LATITUDE 

Of Charleston, N 
&S. C, Ga., Ala., 
Tern., Miss., La., 
Ark., Tex., New 
Mexico and Cal. 



Sun 



Sun 
sets. 



Moon 

rises, i 

H. M I 



18. 41h Sunday after Easter. John 16. 14h. 6m. Day's Length, ]3h. 27m. 



ct. Philip and yt. James. 
^ stationary. (£ gr. lib. W. 

Bat of Tewksbury, 1471. 
James L Orr died, 1873. 

Cavendish assas., 1882. 

7th. 6h(^ 



^. 


4 54 


7 U 


9 3 


3 


5 14 


(J 41 


r^. 


4 53 


7 1 


10 3 


3 


5 13 


6 42 


t 


4 52 


7 2 


10 56 


3 


5 12 


6 42 


t 


4 51 


7 3 


11 41 


3 


5 11 


6 43 


t 


4 49 


7 4 morn 


3 


5 10 


6 44 


^-^ 


4 48 


7 5 21 


3 


5 9 


6 4o 


^5 


4 47 


7 6 


5S| 


4 


5 8 


6 45 



8 41' 

9 39 

10 32 

11 18 
morn 

] 
40 



19. Rogation Sunday. John 16. 14h. 21m, Days Length, I3h. 3J:n. 



Su 
M 
Tu 
W 

Th 
Fr 

iSa 



C in apogee. 

Louis XV. died, 1774. 

n h O. ? in tS. 
6% (L. Ascension day, 
6 9<L- 6^(Ij inferior. 
6^€. 



AM. 


4 46 


7 7 


1 28 


4 


5 7 


6 4G 


Al/V 


4 45 


7 8 


1 57 


4 


5 6 


6 47 


AVt 

1 ^"^ 


4 43 


7 9 


2 23 


4 


5 £ 


6 47 


>f 


4 42 


7 11 


2 52 


4 


5 4 


6 4S 


)f 


4 41 


7 12 


3 22 


4' 


5 4 


6 49 


r 


4 40 


7 13 


3 50 


4 


5 3 


6 50 


T 


4 39 


7 14 


4 24 


4l 


5 2 


6 50 



4 3S 



;20. Sun. after Ascension. John l.'i-ie. 1th. 37m. Dav's Length, 13h. 50in. 



15 


Su 


^lbih.6 ^CCgr.hb.E. 


'f 


4 38 


7 15 


sets 


4 


5 1 


6 51 


sets 


16 


M 


^HpMafekingreliev'd,1900 


K 


4 37 


7 16 


8 35 


4 


5 1 


6 52 


8 12 


17 


Tu 


Lopez in Cuba, 1850. 


W 


4 36 


7 17 


9 34 


4 


5 


6 53 


9 10 


18 


W 


c5 W (T. 


n 


4 35 


7 18 


10 27 


4 


4 59 


6 53 


10 4 


19 


Th 


French fleet cap., 1692. 


n 


4 34 


7 19 


11 17 


4 


4 59 


6 54 


10 fir, 


20 


Fr 


Lafayette died, 1834. 


a 


4 33 


7 20 


morn 


4 


4 58 


6 55 


11 4! 


21 


Sa 


g in aphelion. 


05 


4 33 


7 21 


1 


4 


1 4 (8 


6 55 


morn 



21 


Whit Sunday. John 14. 


14h. 50 


m. 


Day's 


Length, 


13h. 


50m. 


22 


Su 


'^22d.(^ ? ?. C in per. 
^ Prus'ns ent. Paris,'71 


a, 


4 o2 


7 22 


3J 


4 


4 57 


6 56 


27 


23 


M 


f;i, 


4 31 


7 22 


1 14 


4 


4 5:5 


6 57 


1 6 


24 


Tu 


Kidd executed, 1701. 


n 


4 30 


7 23 


1 47 


3 


4 56 


6 57 


1 45 


25 


W 


5 stationary. Ember day 


n 


4 29 


7 24 


2 22 


3 


4 55 


6 58 


2 2C, 


26 


Th 


Battle of Ostrolinka,1831. 


^rs. 


4 29 


7 25 


2 5G 


3 


4 5 1 


6 59 


3 6 


27 


Fr 


Ember day. 


r£b 


4 28 


7 26 


3 31 


3 


4 55 


6 59 


3 45 


28 


Sa 


Ember day. 


r^ 


4 28 


7 27 


4 8 


3 


4 54 


7 


4 27 


22 


Ti 


•inity Sunday. John 8. 


1 


5h. 1 


ra. 


Day's 


L 


ength. 


14h. 


Ttti.I 



Su 
M 
Tu 



^29th. a gr.libration W. 
Chalmers died, 1847. 



"1, 


4 27 


7 28 


rises 


3 


4 64 


7 


1 


^, 


4 27 


7 29 


8 46 


3 


4 54 


7 


] 


/ 


4 26 


7 30 


9 35 


3 


4 53 


7 


2 



rises 

8 211 

9 111 



70 



Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 



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Irrigation. 71 

IRRIGATION ORGANIZATION AND IMPROVEMENTS IN NEBRASKA. 

During the past year applications for permits to appropriate water 
for irrigation purposes have been filed with the State Board of Irrigation 
for about 100 miles of new canals, covering about 40,000 acres, and appli- 
cations for permits to appropriate water for power purposes have been 
filed for plants which the applicants estimate will cost about eight 
million dollars, and develop about one hundred thousand horse power. 

In addition to the new projects, many important improvements have 
been made in canals already constructed, and the area irrigated under these 
has been largely increased. Many appropriators on the smaller streams 
have constructed reservoirs to store the surplus water, and in this way 
add to the acreage which it is possible for them to irrigate. The greatest 
development has been along the North Platte river and the smaller 
streams in the northwest section of the State, where they do not depend 
on the natural rainfall as they do farther east. 

The Loup rivers carry a large amount of water, and rising as they 
do in the sand hill country, their flow is very uniform. 

There is an abundance of productive land which could easily be 
irrigated by canals taken from these rivers, but irrigation development 
has been retarded in the past by the tendency of the farmers to depend 
upon the natural rainfall, which is generally sufficient to raise crops. 
The same is true of a large number of canals taking water from the differ- 
ent streams in that part of the State east of the 100th meridian, but the 
farmers are beginning to realize the fact that even in the seasons when 
good crops are raised without irrigation, the judicious use of water from 
the canal will bring a largely increased return, and in addition to this, 
the canal is an absolute insurance against the loss of their crops in years 
of deficient rainfall. During the past two seasons there has been an 
unusual amount of rainfall in Nebraska, and this has rendered the use 
of water from many of the canals in the eastern sections unnecessary. 

Within the past year, the Supreme Court of this State has handed 
down several opinions which have done mi:ch to settle the question of 
irrigation rights in Nebraska. These decisions declare the irrigation 
law of the State to be constitutional, define the rights of riparian owners 
and uphold the rights of appropriators who have made beneficial use of 
the water. This has done much to establish the stability of existing 
rights and to encourage appropriators. There are still a number of 
important points which remain unsettled. Nebraska extending as it does 
from the Missouri river almost to the mountains, includes within its 
borders two distinct regions. The eastern portion of the State is within 
the humid region and the rainfall is usually sufficient for successful agri- 
culture, and the extreme western portion might be classed as semi-arid. 
Here the rainfall is very variable and is generally deficient and very 
few crops can be raised without irrigation. The conditions being so 
different in diiTerent portions of the State, render it very difficult to 
settle many of the questions which arise in regard to the use of water. 

The question of the distribution of the waters of interstate streams 
is a very important one and one which should be settled as soon as 
possible. Nebraska is particularly interested in this question. A very 



72 Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 

large part of the land reclaimed in this State receives its water from 
the Platte rivers. About 1,200 miles of canals, covering about 560,000 
acres, receive their supply from this source. The pioneers of irrigation 
have gone into this part of the State and encountered all the hardships 
incident to the settlement of a new country, and have brought thousands 
of acres of land under the influence of irrigation and added millions of 
dollars to the value of the State. These people should be protected in 
the usr of the water which they have appropriated, and be assured that 
subsequent appropriators in other states will not be permitted to divert 
the water and ruin their work of a life time. Some system should be 
devised whereby the appropriator of the water of any stream who has 
made beneficial use of the same, should be protected without regard to 
state lines or other political subdivisions. 

In the early days of the settlement of this State there was a great 
prejudice against irrigation and anyone who advocated it was looked 
upon as an enemy of the State. Many of the pioneers who settled in the 
western portion of the State, realizing the uncertainty of agriculture 
when dependent upon the natural rainfall, constructed a number of 
canals which demonstrated the value of irrigation. 

Nebraska has now about 2,500 miles of canals, covering about 1,000,- 
000 acres of land. In the western part of the State, the normal flow of 
many of the streams during the height of the irrigating season, has 
already been appropriated, but only a small portion of the entire flow 
is used, and a large amount of land can still be reclaimed by an intelligent 
system of storage and by educating the irrigators to use the water upon 
the land when it is to be had, instead of waiting until the crops are 
suffering, and every one desires to use the full amount of his appropria- 
tion. On some of the smaller streams, the plan of distributing the water 
by a time schedule has proved very successful. This allows each appro- 
priator to use all the water available in the stream for a short period 
and then turn it out to be used by the next one who is entitled to it. In 
this way it is possible to accomplish much more than could be accomp- 
lished when each irrigator is restricted to the amount of his appropriaton, 
which is sometimes only a fraction of a cubic foot per second, and is 
allowed to use it for the entire season. 

We have a district irrigation law in Nebraska which enables a ma- 
jority of the land owners in any territory which is susceptible to irriga- 
tion from a common source, to organize a district, and this district has 
authority to vote bonds for the construction or purchase of works, and 
to levy a tax to raise money to pay these bonds, and also to pay for 
the maintenance of the works. This law has worked out very success- 
fully in many cases, and we have some districts organized under it 
which are very finely improved and in good financial condition. 

There has been considerable development along the line of pumping 
water for irrigation, and quite a number of plants have been put In opera- 
tion, employing wind mills, water wheels, gasoline and steam engines 
for the motive power. 

Taking everything into consideration, Nebraska has made very good 
progress in irrigation improvement, and is in position to make still 
greater development in the future. 



state Fish Hatchery. T3 



THE NEBRASKA STATE FISH HATCHERIES. 

The act creating a Board of State Fish Commissioners for Nebraska 
was passed by the Legislature in 1879, and the first Board, appointed by 
Governor Garber, comprised W. L. May of Fremont, B. E. B. Kennedy of 
Omaha, and C. H. Kaley of Red Cloud. The present grounds, consisting 
of fifty-two acres of land situated in Sarpy county, near the town of 
South Bend, was purchased in 1880, and the plant has been improved 
from year to year until at the present time Nebraska has the most val- 
uable and completely equipped State Fish Hatchery west of the Mis- 
sissippi river. The Legislature of 1901 repealed the law creating a Board 
of Fish Commissioners, and passed a new law creating a Game and Fish 
Commission, with the Governor as ex-officio Commissioner; the present 
officers of the Commission are George L. Carter of North Platte, Chief 
Game Warden; Emil Hunger of Lincoln, and Harry McConnell of Albion, 
travelling deputy Wardens; W. J. O'Brien of South Bend, Superintendent 
of Fish Hatcheries. 

The output of the Hatcheries has amounted to about 8,000,000 fish 
and fry annually for the past eighteen years. Owing to our fish laws, 
which prohibit the taking of fish in any manner except with hook and 
line, it is impossible to give any figures as to the number of pounds of 
fish caught annually or the value of the industry to the State. It is safe, 
however, to say that the value of the State Fish Hatcheries to the State 
is many times the actual expense of operating the industry. The annual 
appropriation for maintaining the Nebraska Hatchery is $3,850; the total 
valuation of the State property at the Fish Hatcheries is $16,920. 

According to the United States survey, Nebraska has 6,4S5 miles of 
streams, and 11,160 acres of lakes, all public water. The teasibility of 
stocking these waters with food fish is no longer a question, and the 
streams of Nebraska are rapidly becoming filled with the finest varieties 
of fish. The private reservoirs, fish ponds and little brooks and spring 
streams that abound without limit throughout almost the entire State 
represent the most fruitful sources of fish supply for food purposes. 
These, while getting their supply of fish for stocking up, are not taken 
into account in measuring the capacity of the State for fish production. 

What have the Hatcheries accomplished, and has the work been 
profitable to the taxpayers, is a question often asked. There need be no 
hesitancy in answering this question in the affirmative. It is only neces- 
sary to follow the course of the State fish car in its valuable aid in 
carrying on the work of distribution among the streams, lakes and fish 
ponds in the remote parts of the State, and the emphatic endorsement 
of the State Fish Commission in its work will give the answer. During 
eighteen months of 1901 and 1902 the State fish car traveled over 9,279 
miles of railroad in Nebraska in its work of fish distribution. The value 
of the fish industry to Nebraska is in its source of food for our people, 
and this is now an acknowledged resource of the waters of the State. 

The new game and fish laws enacted by the last Legislature provides 
that a charge be imposed for fish from the State Hatcheries for stocking 
private waters. 



74 



Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 




Stock Breeders' Association. 75 

THE NEBRASKA liViPROVED LIVE STOCK BREEDERS' 
ASSOCIATION. 

The Improved Live Stock Breeders' Association has been in existence 
for twenty-one years in continuous organization, being organized in 
February, 1882, under the name of the Nebraslia State Stoclf Breeders' 
Association. Its inception may be credited as the outgrowth of an asso- 
ciation of breeders of thoroughbred stock which was organized at 
Omaha in 1879, for the purpose of importing new and valuable strains of 
improved stock into Nebraska and the Western stock ranges. This 
Association, while representing the breeding interests of breeders of 
thoroughbred cattle, sheep, swine, poultry and pet stock, assumed in its 
purpose the commercial feature of handling breeding stock for the West- 
ern trade, one of the objects being to establish a public live stock ex- 
change at Omaha, which was then the recognized gateway to the new 
stock raising districts and farm lands of Nebraska and the country west. 

It was planned that this Association hold public exhibitions and sales 
of live stock for the mutual welfare and advantage of breeders and deal- 
ers in the improved breeds, the important purpose being to encourage a 
more general interest in the distribution of pure blooded stock among 
the common herds and flocks of the Western country. 

The Association, under the title of " The Nebraska State Breeders' 
Association," made excellent progress in live stock improvement. Many 
good herds were established in the State, and a general interest was 
awakened in the securing of better bred animals. In 1884 the Associa- 
tion was under the following officers: C. H. Walker, President; L. C. 
Todd, J. H. Hayden, J. V. Wolfe and E. P. Savage, Vice Presidents; John 
R. Harvey, Secretary and Treasurer. The annual meetings in the early 
history of the Society were actively participated in and good programs 
were presented. 

The Association has been one of the most influential organizations 
in the State, in the matter of live stock improvement. It has gathered 
into its membership the breeders and promoters of all breeds of im- 
proved animals. It promises more in the matter of effective work in the 
general upbuilding of agriculture and the live stock industries of 
Nebraska than any special or separate oi'ganization can hope to ac- 
complish. Its work has no bounds and its influence extends out to every 
feature of live stock improvement and farm advantage. 

The following is a list of the officers of the Nebraska Improved Live 
Stock Breeders' Association, commencing with 1893: President, Elijah 
Filley; Secretary-Treasurer, H. S. Reed; 1894 — President, Elijah Filley; 
Vice Presidents, W. G. Whitmore, Mrs. A. M. Edwards, C. H. Searle and 
T. J. Hitte; Secretary-Treasurer, H. S. Reed; 1895— President, C. H. 
Searle; Vice Presidents, Elijah Filley, J. V. Wolfe and Thomas Miller; 
Secretary-Treasurer, H. S. Reed; 189G — President, C. H. Searle; Vice 
Presidents, C. H. Elmendorf, Mark M. Goad, S. McKelvie and G. H. Bal- 
linger; Secretary-Treasurer, T. J. Hitte; 1897 — President, W. G. Whit- 
more; Vice Presidents, A. L. Sullivan, G. H. Elmendorf, J. Mandlebaum, 
C. H. Ballinger and F. E. Wheeler; Secretary-Treasurer, Wm. Foster; 
1898— President C. H. Elmendorf; Vice Presidents, W. G. Whitmore, C. 



76 



Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 



H. Searle, I. W. Chappell, Charles Walker and Wm. Foster; Secretary- 
Treasurer, S. McKelvie; 1899 — President, C. H. Elmendorf; Vice Presi- 
dents, W. G. Wtiitmore, H. A. Talcott, C. H. Wallier and I. W. Chappell; 
Secretary-Treasurer, H. F. Mcintosh; 1900 — President, C. H. Elmendorf; 
Vice Presidents, E. H. Andrews, L. L. Young, Col. M. W. Harding and 
M. M. Coad; Secretary-Treasurer, H. F. Mcintosh; 1901 — President, L. L. 
Young; Vice Presidents, Phil Unitt, E. B. Day, Col. M. W. Harding and 
E. Z. Russell; Secretary-Treasurer, H. F. Mcintosh; 1902— President, W. 
A. Apperson; Vice Presidents, O. P. Hendershot, Wm. Ernst, Thomas 
Mortimer and Robert T. Anderson; Secretary-Treasurer, E. Z. Russell; 
1903 — President, Wm. Ernst; Vice Presidents, S. McKelvie, T. A. Geivens, 
O. P. Hendershot and T. L. Norval; Secretary-Treasurer, E. Z. Russell. 



A. Li. Haecker, Professor of Dairy Husbandry, Experiment Station, Uni- 
versity of Nebraska, since 1S96, was born in Iowa in 1872. His boyhood 
was spent on his father's farm in Wisconsin; graduated from Minnesota 
School of Agriculture in 1895; during a leave of absence from the University 
of Nebraska, in 1900, secured degree B. S. A. at Iowa Agricultural College. 
His picture Is last In third row, page 19. 




WM. ERNST. 




B. Z. RUSSELL. 



William ISrnst, President Nebraska Improved 
Live Stock Breeders' Association, one of Nebraska's 
most progressive and up-to-date farmers and live 
stock breeders, came from Germany in 1866, where 
he was educated for an agriculturist under private 
instruction. After quitting school he received, at a 
cost of $250.00 per year, a position at a model farm, 
to get familiar with manual farm labor, book-keep- 
ing, etc. At this place he remained two years, paying 
$500.00 for the privilege. He next took a two-year 
course at the Agricultural College at Pattern, Han- 
over, and at the veterinary school of Dr. Abelman of 
the same place. After graduating from these, he 
received a position as volontair on an estate of the 
Duke of Mumter, or, in other words, was permitted 
to hold a very responsible position without pay for 
two years more. Leaving this place, he received, 
for the first time, a salary, managing an estate for 
a rich nobleman, one Her von Lupke. His last 
work in Germany was the independent managing of 
a large estate, from which he retired to come to 
America, which Mr. Ernst pronounces, "The country 
of my choice; the best country on earth." After 
coming to America he worked for five years on a 
farm in Illinois, then came to Nebraska, where he 
has engaged in farming for himself the past thirty 
years. 

Mr. E. Z. RiisHoll, of Herman, Secretary of the 
Improved Live Stock Breeders' Association, was born 
in 1866 near Florence, Neb., from which place he 
removed with his parents to Omaha in 1877. Attended 
the public schools, and later was book-keeper with 
the Standard Oil Co. for five years, which position 
he resigned in 1888 to engage in farming, which he 
has followed since. Mr. Russell Is an enthusiastic 
breeder of swine; he takes an active Interest in push, 
log- the live stock organizations, and his energy and 
ability are well known. 



Officers Shorthorn Breeders' Association. 



77 



THE NEBRASKA SHORTHORN BREEDERS' ASSOCIATION. 

The Nebraska Shorthorn Breeders' Association was organized Janu- 
ary 22, 1903, by a meeting of breeders called at Lincoln, Neb., for this 
purpose. A Constitution and By-Laws were adopted at this meeting, and 
the following officers elected: L. C. Lawson, Clarks, President; L. J. 
Hitchcock, Falls City, Vice President; A. B. Heath, Republican, Secre- 
tary; and W. G. Saddler, Juniata, Treasurer. 

The Association has made rapid progress in growth, there being now 
near 200 members, representing the good herds from every county in the 
State. In January, 1884, there was an organization 
of Shorthorn breeders effected, with J. B. Dinsmore 
as President; Richard Daniels, Vice President; O. 
M. Druse, Secretary; and J. O. Chase, Treasurer. 
This organization remained in active working condi- 
tion for three or four years, then ceased to hold 
meetings and soon passed out of existence. The 
present Association has all evidences of an active 
and useful career before it. 



Lucius C. Lawson, President Nebraska Shorthorn 
Breeders' Association, was born in December, 1S50, 
in Crawford county, Pennsylvania; moved to Tama 
county, Iowa, in 1865, with his parents. In 1S73 
came to Nebraska, locating at Clarks, Merrick 
county, the present site of Willow Springs Stock 
Farm, where he conducts the breeding- of registered 
Shorthorn cattle, trotting bred horses and Berkshire 
swine. Mr. Lawson is an enthusiastic Nebraskan, 
and fully imbued with the spirit of live stock im- 
provement. 

Alfred B. Heath, Secretary, was born in Ohio 
in 1S51; moved with his parents to Illinois in early 
childhood, where he remained till of age, when he 
came to Nebraska, locating in Harlan county. Here 
his ambition for successful farming and stock rais- 
ing is being amply fulfilled on a fine tract of 1,200 
acres of rich Nabraska land. This farm is located 
near Republican City, is stocked with Shorthorn cat- 
tle and other improved breeds of farm animals. As 
Secretary of the Nebraska Shorthorn Breeders' Asso- 
ciation, Mr. Heath has been able to bring the mem- 
bership up to nearly 200. 

■\Villiam G. Saddler, Treasurer, was born in Ken- 
tucky, in 1844; was raised on a farm and received 
his education in the public schools of his native state. 
Was a soldier in the civil war, at the close of which 
he returned to farming, and in 1875 moved to Putnam 
county, Indiana, where he again engaged in farming 
until 1883, when he moved to Adams county, Ne- 
braska, and located on a farm near Juniata, where ho 
now resides, engaging in farming and breeding 
Shorthorn cattle. Mr. Saddler is one of the prosper- 
ous farmers of Central Nebraska. He has eight sons 
and one daughter. His wife was Susan T. Hale of 
Kentucky. Was elected to the Nebraska Legislature, 
1902. 




L. C. LAWSON. 




A. B. HEATH. 




WM. Q. SADDLER 



78 



Nebraska's Resources Illustrated, 




>. X! c >, -a .S 
■S S "^ i ■« ^ 



« ^ "" .1 f h 

^ K C S "" 2 

>" rt S p » -. 



stock Growers' Association. 79 

THE NEBRASKA STOCK GROWERS' ASSOCIATION. 

The Nebraska Stock Growers' Association was organized in 1895, at 
Alliance, by about ten men to start with. The operations of thieves in their 
neighborhoods had become so bold and open that something had to be 
done. Their object was expressed in the following paragraph from the 
Constitution they adopted: 

Section 2 — The object of this Association is to advance the Interests of 
tlie stock growers of Nebraska and adjoining states, and for the protection 
of the same against fraud and swindlers, and to prevent the stealing, taking 
and driving away of cattle, horses, mules and asses, from the rightful owner 
thereof, and to enforce the stock laws of Nebraska. 

The temporary Secretary elected at this meeting was Mr. R. M. Hamp- 
ton of Alliance. During the summer of 1895 Mr. J. R. Van Boskirk was 
asked to take the office of Secretary-Treasurer, and by the time of the 
first annual meeting, in 1896, there were forty-five members, residing in 
the " hills country," all the way from Ogallala to Rushville, and all 
representative ranchers. 

Under the initiative of Mr. A. S. Reed, the first President, and of 
Mr. Van Boskirk, there were a number of prosecutions of offenders, result- 
ing in several convictions, and by the time of the annual meeting of 1897 
there were about 150 members, and the Association had made a name 
among the cattlemen of the State. By reason of its increased financial 
strength, the Association was able to offer a handsome reward for the 
apprehension of thieves, and by the close of 1898 there was apparently 
a cessation of stealing. During this year the Association increased to 
over 200 members, and became strong enough to obtain inspection at 
Omaha and other markets. They also procured the passage of the State 
Brand Law by the Legislature. The aim of the officers was to obtain 
legislation which, when enforced, would make it impossible to dispose 
of stolen stock. This was to be accomplished by the inspection at 
Omaha and by the Brand and Hide Inspection Laws. But it was not 
possible to get a hide law until the session of 1900, when it was again 
brought forward by the Secretary, J. R. Van Boskirk, who was a member 
of the Senate at that time. Then the officers of the Association could 
say that if the cattlemen would enforce the law, a steer was as safe on 
the range in Nebraska as a silver dollar in a bank vault; and in a meas- 
ure this is now true. 

Other legislation was had in the Legislature of 1900, backed by the 
influence of the Association. The Veterinary Law, pushed by Mr. Van 
Boskirk, is the best one on the statutes of any State, as it prohibits the 
appointment of an unfit man. The Association has had a great educative 
influence for the last five years. Its annual meetings have attracted 
cattlemen from a wide scope of country and held the attention of the 
State. At the annual meeting of 1903, E. M. Searle, Jr., of Ogallala was 
elected Treasurer, and A. M. Modisett, of Rushville, President. The fol- 
lowing gentlemen have served as President: A, S. Reed of Alliance, 
four terms; S. P. Delatour of Lewellen, three terms; R. M. Hampton of 
Alliance, one term. J. R. Van Boskirk gerved as Secretary-Treasurer for 
eight years. 



so Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 



LIVE STOCK BRAND INSPECTION. 

The system of brand inspection in operation at the large market 
centers, where branded stock from the western ranges are shipped for 
sale and distribution, is the outgrowth of organization among the range 
cattle owners. The branding of cattle and horses became a necessity 
years ago, when the ranges began to fill up and the herds commenced to 
encroach upon each other's grazing territory. The mixing of unbranded 
stock demanded more than individual recognition; a mark placed upon the 
animal by a burning brand was by common consent brought into general 
use. Not only was it found convenient to satisfy disputes of ownership 
of animals between neighboring ranchmen, but it served the purpose of 
detection often when the branded animals were stolen and driven off their 
owner's range. 

The duplicating of brands ecame a matter of much concern among 
ranchmen as the herds began to multiply and the range country fill up 
with stock. To obviate this difficulty a system of recording brands was 
introduced, some states adopting a county register, while others had 
brand laws enacted providing for the registering of all brands at the 
state capital. 

Nebraska at first used the county register system of filing claims 
for brands with the County Clerk, but later had a State brand law passed, 
which is now in successful operation. All brands are now filed with the 
Secretary of State, and no two persons can secure the registering of the 
same brand, and no brand is a legal brand imless registered. 

There is no State provision or law for brand inspection in Nebraska, 
this being provided for entirely through the two range stock associa- 
tions in the State, the Nebraska Live Stock Growers' Association, with 
headquarters at Alliance, and the Keya Paha Cattle Growers' Association, 
at Ainsworth. These two Associations employ their brand inspection 
through the Wyoming Live Stock Association, which keeps an inspector 
at South Omaha, Chicago, Sioux City, St. Joseph and Kansas City, and 
handles the inspection for South Dakota, the Nebraska Associations and 
the State of Wyoming. Only members of these Associations who pay 
into their Association fund their annual assessments are able to receive 
benefits from the inspection. The inspectors receive from the Secre- 
taries of the various Associations, or states making appropriations for 
such inspection, a list of the brands of the persons entitled to its benefits. 
This brand book contains the name and address of each person entitled 
to protection and an exact copy of each brand. 

A person to fill the position of brand inspector must of necessity be 
an expert in deciphering brands at sight. The work of the brand in- 
spector is done on horseback, and before the yarded cattle commence to 
sell and move to the scales. If strays are found they are separated 
from the bunch, sold separate, and the commission firm whose consign- 
ment they were in, charges up a proportionate amount of freight, yardage, 
commission, etc., against the animals and holds the proceeds subject to 
release by the inspector, to go into the hands of the owner of the cattle, 
or to the Secretary of the Association furnishing the brand. 

All cattle carrying uncertain brands, o-r where there is a doubt as 



Live Stock Brand inspection. 81 

to a brand being on, in the care of the inspector, the animal is roped, 
quickly made secure, and a pair of clippers applied over the brand, and 
the surface of the skin exposed to view. It is believed that very few 
stray cattle escape detection from the critical eye of the inspector. It 
is reasonably certain that this system of checking, with the detective 
methods adopted by the Stock Growers' Associations in the range districts, 
has practically put a stop to cattle and horse rustling. It is almost an 
impossibility for a shipment of stolen cattle to get through the yards at 
any of the points where the brand inspection is employed, without de- 
tection. 

The work of the brand inspection department at South Omaha is 
presented as follows. For the period April 1, 1902, to April 1, 1903, num- 
ber of strays arrested and proceeds of sales returned direct to owners 
of stock by the commission firms: 

Number. Value. 

Wyoming 2,856 $ 96,532.80 

South Dakota 1,963 70,275.40 

Nebraska 1,239 36,696.46 

Total 6,058 $203,504.66 

Number arrested and proceeds returned to owners through Secre- 
taries of the Stock Growers' Associations: 

Number. Value. 

Wyoming- 1.151 $ 38,922.81 

Nebraska 145 4,344.35 

South Dakota 1,086 , 38,879.17 

Total 2,382 $ 82,146.33 

Making a grand total for the year, for these three states, 7,440 head, 
and a net sale to owners of $285,650.58. 

Wyoming was the first State to commence brand inspection. This 
was introduced at the South Omaha Stock Yards by the Wyoming Asso- 
ciation, April 1, 1892, and down to the present year, April 1, 1903, has 
had Gl,784 head of stock caught up by the South Omaha brand inspectors, 
yielding a net return to the owners of $1,798,343.28. 

South Dakota adopted the brand inspection in 1893, and through the 
Wyoming inspection at South Omaha has had down to April 1, 1903, 
1G,941 head of stock arrested, producing a net return to the owners of 
$615,878.91. 

Nebraska did not arrange for brand inspection until 1899, and 
through the same agency at South Omaha had, from that year down to 
April 1, 1903, 3,119 cattle arrested, yielding a net return to the owners 
of $102,348.06. 

The entire brand inspection at South Omaha, with the States named, 
commencing at 1892, shows a total of 80,844 head of strays arrested, yield- 
ing to their owners, after all expenses of freight, commission, etc., have 
been deducted, $2,516,569.84. 

Notwithstanding that Nebraska has more than double the cattle pop- 
ulation of South Dakota, there was arrested at South Omaha the past 
year 700 more strays for South Dakota than Nebraska. Nebraska's cattle 
population is almost five times that of Wyoming, yet there were two and 
a half times more strays arrested the past year at South Omaha for 
Wyoming, a fact which is explained by the additional security that the 



82 Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 

fenced range of Nebraska offers to the live stock business over the more 
open districts. 

The Western Nebraska cattle raiser is comparatively free from los§ 
by strays and stolen cattle. The opportunities to engage in the business 
are numerous, and the advantages offered have no equal in any other 
section of range country. 



SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT INSPECTION OF ANIMALS AND 
MEATS AT SOUTH OMAHA. 

One of the most interesting and valuable departments of the 
United States government is the Bureau of Animal Industry. This de- 
partment is the safeguard for the people of the United States, and in 
fact for all the people the world over who use American meats, in 
preventing them from being supplied with meat that is, or has been, 
diseased, and unfit for human food. So very rigid is the inspection by 
men who are experts in their particular line, both before and after an 
animal is killed, that it is, we may safely say, impossible for an animal, 
it matters not how slightly diseased, when it once reaches the stock 
yards, to make its appearance again in the shane of food for human con- 
sumption. 

Everything that is condemned by the government inspectors, whether 
it be a live animal or a carcass, is so completely destroyed that con- 
sumers need never fear, when buying any of the packer's products, that 
they will get something not fit to eat. To give a complete description 
of the workings of the Department of Animal Industry would consume 
several hundred pages, therefore we must be content with a very brief 
outline. 

As soon as any cattle, hogs or sheep arrive at the various stock 
yards in the United States they are immediately unloaded from the cars 
and placed in pens. After each car load has been securely locked in a 
pen they are informally visited by a government inspector, who carefully 
makes mental notes of the condition of the stock as regards disease. 
This is done to better fit the inspector with a more accurate judgment 
when the animals are brought before him for his final decision. Should 
there be a doubt as to any infection when the animals are brought before 
him they are again locked in a pen, to be finally passed upon by the 
doctor in charge. This is the finish of what is called the ante-mortem 
examination. The government ofllcials are only about half through with 
their examination when this stage is reached. It is possible for an ani- 
mal to be so slightly infected with certain diseases that an examination, 
be it ever so thorough, does not disclose this fact while the animal is 
alive. The perfect test comes after the animal has been slaughtered. 

The manner of inspection after slaughtering, or what is known as 
the post-mortem examination, is conducted as follows: A government 
inspector whose practiced eye is unfailing, sits in a box that is so arranged 
that all of the inside of every animal slaughtered is passed before him 
immediately upon its removal from the carcass. He is stationed so close 
to where this work is done that should he detect, or is even in doubt 
as to the entrails or lungs having the slightest infection, he reaches out 



Government Inspection. 



and places a tag upon the meat, which means that it is condemned, and 
can only be used as fertilizer. 

A further inspection, or what is known as the microscopical test for 
the detection of " trichina," is demanded by the governments of France, 
Germany, Austria and Denmark, of all pork exported from the United 
States to their respective countries. This microscopical inspection con- 
sists of shredding with sharp shears a small portion of three pieces of 
meat that has been taken from that many different parts of the carcacs 
which may be found to be infected with trichina. These shredded 
pieces are placed between two pieces of thick glass about two inches 
square, which are brought together with a pressure that causes the meat 
to spread and become transparent, Then with the assistance of a 
microscope " trichina " is very readily detected. 

The diseases for which animals are condemned are as follows: Hog 
cholera, swine plague, charbon, or anthrat, rabies, malignant epizootic 
catarrh, pyaemia and septicaemia, mange or scab in advanced stages; 
advanced stages of actinomycosis, or lumpy jaw, inflammation of 
the lungs, the intestines, or the peritoneum, Texas fever, extensive 
or generalized tuberculosis, animals in an advancd state of pregnancy 
or which have recently given birth to young, any disease or injury caus- 
ing elevation of temperature or affecting the system of the animal to 
a degree which would make the flesh unfit for human food, any organ or 
part of a carcass which is badly bruised or affected by tuberculosis, 
actinomycosis, cancer, abscess, suppurating sore, or tapeworm cysts, must 
be condemned. Animals too young and immature to produce wholesome 
meat, animals too emaciated and anaemic to produce wholesome meat, 
distemper, glanders and farcy, and other malignant disorders, acute in- 
flammatory lameness, and extensive fistula. 

To get a true conception of the perfect working 
of this department, no better course could be pur- 
sued than that of making a visit to South Omaha, 
Neb., and meet Dr. Don C. Ayer, chief inspector in 
charge of Station Bureau of Animal Industry, whose 
office is in the postoffice building, and who is ever 
ready to give visitors all the information at his 
command. He has worked faithfully in this de- 
partment at this point for eleven years, and with 
his corps of trained inspectors and doctors has this 
branch of the government service in such perfect 
working order that today Omaha can boast of hav- 
ing one of the best equipped and one of the most 
DR. DON C. AYER. successfully operated stations in the United States. 
Dr. Ayer has had a military training, joining 
the army when a young man as a private, served through the civil war, 
before the close of which he was made a commissioned officer, which 
speaks well fdr his military record. He is a thorough disciplinarian, de- 
manding from all subordinates the same strict attention to duty that his 
superiors demand of him. Coupled with this he is one of nature's gentle* 
men, hence his unprecedented success. 




S4 Nebraska's Resources llluetrated. 



STATE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS. 

The State Department of Labor and Industrial Statistics in Nebraska 
obtained considerable prominence and comment during the present year 
by reason of the energy shown in the various channels of its work. There 
have been more fields invaded for the collection of statistics than here- 
tofore. The free employment bureau of the department has been given 
more attention, and for the first time in its history it has undertaken the 
task of fulfilling the farmers' wants in the way of supplying sufficient 
labor to cope with the harvesting proposition, viz., the insufficient supply 
of men. The female labor law has been rigorously enforced, as has the 
child labor law in the factory centers of Omaha and South Omaha. The 
collection of crop statistics and information, and their publication in 
monthly reports showing the conditions of crops throughout the State 
during the season, is a new and an important feature of the increasing 
worth and importance of the department. 

Statistics are being collected and compiled covering the following 
subjects: Manufacturers and Wages, Meat Packing Industry, Railroad 
Statistics, Dairy Industry, Flouring and Grist Mills, Labor Organizations, 
Reports of Strikes and Lockouts, Municipal Statistics, Ecclesiastical, 
School and Professional Conditions, Criminal Statistics, Lodges and 
Fraternal Societies, Charities and Charitable Institutions, Nebraska's Sur- 
plus Products, Beet Sugar Industry. 

These statistics will be published in monthly and quarterly reports 
and distributed over the country, and all combined and issued in the 
biennial report, which is issued near the close of the biennium. Special 
pamphlets on the Beet Sugar Industry, Cement Industry, and Irrigation, 
will also be issued. 

Chief Clerk Despain, who has charge of the statistical work, believes 
that the great value of statistics lies in their freshness, and he there- 
fore believes in issuing statistical reports whenever such data and infor- 
mation is complete and ready for publication. 

The fire escape conditions have received much attention at the 
hands of Commissioner Bush, who is especially looking into the condi- 
tions of the public buildings and college buildings throughout the State 
which have heretofore been unprovided with fire protection. 

A very prominent feature of the work of the present administration 
is the formation of plans for the co-operation of the State Department 
of Labor with the National Department of Statistics, seeking to eliminate 
differences in statistics given out by the two departments. Hereafter all 
census enumerations undertaken by the national government will be 
managed by the state bureau in each state. This co-operation will be 
inaugurated in January, 1905. The new scheme will cause the importance 
of this department to increase, and will give the office a number of field 
agents to be placed in all portions of the State, whose business it will 
be to carefully and accurately collect all statistics regarding crops, and 
all interests of a statistical nature. The census enumeration will also 
be under the supervision of this office. Commissioner Bush advocated 
this scheme in the National Convention of Officials of Labor Bureaus held 
in Washington, D. C, April, 1903. 



Jurv*, 1904. 



85 




MOON'S PHASES. 





BOSTON 




D. H. M. 


L.Q. 


6 53 M. 


N.M. 


13 4 10 E. 


F.Q. 


20 10 11 M. 


F.M. 


27 3 23 E. 



CHICAGO 

D. H. jr. 

5 11 53 £ 
13 3 10 E. 
20 9 11 M. 
27 2 23 E 



SEATTLE. 

D. H. M. 

5 9 53 E. 

13 1 10 E. 

20 7 11 M. 

27 23 E. 



D. 


ID. 1 


M.IW.I 


1 


W 


2 


Th 


3 


Fr 


4 


Sa 



HISTOKICAL EVENTS, Etc. 



LATITUDE 

Of Boston, New 
England, Middle 
StateB,0.,lnd.,Ill., 
Mo., Kan.. Neb., 
Iowa, Mich., Wis., 
Minn.,Or.&Wasli. 



Sun 
riees. 



Sun 
Bets. 
n. M 



Moon 
rises. 

H. M. 



LATITUDE 

Of Cliarleston, N. 
&S. C, Ga., Ala., 
T«nn., ^Mss., La., 
Ark., Tex., New 
Mexico and Cal. 



Sun 
rises. 

H. M. 



Sun 
sets. 

'I. M. 



Moon 
rises. 

H. M. 



^ in perihelion. 
Corpus Christi, 
Transit of Venus, 1769, 
(5 f? C. 



4 2J 
4 25 
4 2=1 
4 24 



7 31 
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23. 1st Sunday after Trinity. Luke 16. 15h. 10m. Day's Length, 14h. 12m. 



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24. 2d Sunday after Trinity. Luke 14. 15h. 15m. Day's Length, 14h. 17m. 



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25. 3d Sunday after Trinity. Luke 15. 15h. 17m. Day's Length, 14h. 19m. 



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86 Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 




THE LARGEST LIVE STOCK FEEDING ENTERPRISE IN THE 

UNITED STATES. 
This greatest of live stoclv feeding enterprises is owned and operated 
by T. B. Herd of Central City, Neb., where the general headquarters for 
its operation is established, and where the greater 
body of the 18,000 acres of rich agricultural and 
hay lands utilized in the operation of this gigantic 
enterprise is located. The extent of this feeding 
business can be realized only by an association of 
the figures which go to make up the immensity of 
the business carried on at this ranch. The average 
annual output of finished corn-fed stock from the 
Hord feed yards for the past five years has been: 
Beef cattle, 10,000 head; sheep, 10,000 head; and 
hogs, 7,000 head. These numbers have been in- 
creased some years to more than 15,000 cattle, 15,000 
sheep, and 10,000 hogs. There are 8,000 tons of hay 
T. B. HORD. and from 800,-O00 to 1,000,000 bushels of com con- 

sumed annually in the feeding operations of this immense plant. 

This live stock feeding plant is represented at the present time 
by thirteen feeding stations, or ranches, each of these independent of all 
others in its local management, inasmuch as each feeding station has its 
yards, buildings, etc., complete, with its foreman or manager and his 
assistants to carry on the work of that particular division or station and 
the handling of the stock placed on it. There is found at all these feed- 
ing stations a striking feature of permanency, of substantial structure in 
all improvements, buildings, cribs, fences, hayracks, feed bunks, etc. The 
principle of economy, " What is worth doing is worth well doing," is 
clearly set forth in the feeding fixtures and appliances, and the system 
of care and attention that every animal at these feeding stations receives. 
The cattle feed lots range in size from ten to fifteen acres, are laid 
off in squares or blocks, and are arranged for convenience in handling 
the feed in its relation to the cribs and storage buildings on the ranch. 
In each feed lot is a well, with pump and wind power, which supplies 
the stock with drinking water in large tanks, conveniently arranged for 
use. These water supplies are always in operation when there is wind 
to run the mills. The overflow from the cattle tanks is piped into a 
trough suited for watering the hogs, and the surplus from these is car- 
ried by waste ditches out of the yards. 

Hay, straw and other rough feeds are fed in long, upright racks, or 
cribs, where several days' supply may be placed for the cattle to go to 
at will. The grain feed is given in feed bunks made to accommodate 
eight to ten head of cattle. In these bunks there is placed twice a day 
just such an amount of grain, shelled corn, or what constitutes the ration 
being used, as the cattle will eat up clean, leaving nothing to be used for 
the next meal that has been slobbered over and made unpalatable. If a 
little is left over, the manager sees that the feed is reduced sufficient 
to permit of no surplus In the feed bunks when the cattle have finished 



Largest Feeding Enterprise. 



87 




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88 Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 



cribs offer. In some instances a tight board fence is built on the north 
side of the feed lot to sei-ve as a windbreak. In each feed lot is a hog 
house large enough to shelter from storm all the hogs that will at any 
time be turned in to follow the cattle. 

The sanitary precautions in use at these feeding stations to keep free 
from disease-contaminating influences, is a feature that deserves special 
notice, and in a measure is responsible, no doubt, for the great success 
attending the efforts of Mr. Hord in cattle feeding. The feed lots are 
plowed up each spring; every foot of the ground is planted to corn, and 
thoroughly tilled. A big crop is raised as a result of turning under the 
manure of the feeding herd. This cultivation purifies the top soil and 
removes all the filthy conditions of the usual old feed lot. The crop Is 
harvested in the fall and removed from the lot, and the new bunch of 
feeding steers comes into the feed lot on fresh ground, free from all 
evidence of filth and disease germs that could operate against their rapid 
growth. The age at which Mr. Hord prefers cattle to go into the yards on 
full feed is three years. He prefers the steers to be practically through the 
growing stage, ready to take on flesh and fat rapidly. At this age he 
encounters but little trouble in making satisfactory gains, even with a 
class of cattle that are usually discriminated against by many feeders, 
because they are not high grades of beef breeds. The margin between 
the high grade feeding steers and those less favorably bred is so much 
greater than exists when the two animals come together in the fat mar- 
ket that the plainer steer, properly bought, offers a good profit in the feed 
yard. 

The system of feeding usually employed at the Hord feeding stations 
is to commence in the fall, or when the cattle are first put in the feed 
lots, by giving snapped corn and crushed snapped corn. From this they 
are gradually brought onto full feed of shelled corn, which is the main 
grain ration used in the fattening process. Mill feeds, bran and shorts 
are used to considerable extent as a variety. 

The swine management at these stations is a matter of special in- 
terest, since the same sanitary precautions that characterize the feeding 
operations throughout have made it possible that this large number of 
hogs can be carried in a measure safely without serious outbreaks of 
disease. The hogs are intended in the main to subsist on the waste from 
the cattle, but in addition to this they receive a daily allowance of slops 
made from mill feed. They are also supplied with a corrective or digest 
composed of a mixture in the following proportion: One bushel slack 
coal, ten pounds salt, two pounds sulphur, one pound saltpeter. This is 
placed in a trough where it is accessible at all times. In case an inva- 
sion of hog cholera occurs in any of the herds, the best available treat- 
ment is used, and by diligent care and attention with the best of sanitary 
measures employed, the disease is arrested without alarming fatality. 
But a small part of this immense herd of hogs is raised on the feeding 
ranches. They are bought in large droves, usually coming from districts 
and states west, and where the corn crop is not sufficient to mature them 
into the finished fat hog for the slaughter. The value of the hog to the 
cattle feeding industry is variously estimated as a factor in the profit 



Largest Feeding Enterprise. 



Three dollars per head on the steers fed is a conservative figure to be 
added by the use of the hog as a helper. 

The sheep feeding division on the Hord ranch is separate and apart 
from the cattle and hogs, and constitutes an industry in itself. There 
are forty acres devoted to this feature of the business and it Is laid 
off in blocks of lots or yards, with streets and alleys to accommodate 
the handling of the various bunches of sheep, and to admit of easy 
access to the yards with team for distribution of feed and cleaning pens 
when desired. In addition to the feed lot or yard where the sh?ep are 
kept, each block of four pens has a separate feed lot located in the 
center of the block; this lot contains no furnishings but feed troughs, 
which are sufficient to hold feed for all the sheep confined in any yard 
in the block. Opening into this from each of the adjoining yards is a 
wide gate, which is thrown open to admit a pen of sheep when the feed 
is in the troughs. This plan obviates all annoyance in placing the feed, 
and gives the sheep an equal chance in getting to troughs first, which is 
the ambition among sheep. 

The sheep used in the Hord feeding yards are usually brought from 
the ranges of Montana, Wyoming, Oregon and New Mexico, by train 
loads. The amount of corn consumed per 100 head per day varies from 
three to five bushels, depending somewhat upon the size of the sheep and 
the condition of the weather. Tehy are given all they will eat up clean 
as soon as they are brought onto full feed. The sheep are usually fed- 
out and shipped before the shearing season. Lambs require a little dif- 
ferent feed and care than older sheep. As to the breed of sheep or 
cross-breeds best suited to feeding, Mr. Hord gives a preference to the 
cross-bred mutton and wool sheep, using the cross made by use of the 
Merino ram and mutton or coarse wool ewe. The physical development 
of this cross he thinks preferable as a feeding animal. The coarse ewe 
is the better suckler, gives more milk and brings a stronger lamb, which 
grows into a better mutton carcass than where the Merino mother is used. 

An especially interesting feature in this enterprise is the amount 
of feed consumed and the local market it creates for com and hay. The 
amount of corn consumed per day during the feeding season ranges 
from 5,000 to 7,000 bushels, depending upon the number of stock in the 
yards. Besides making a home demand for hay and corn, independent 
of the shipping trade and elevator market, there is much of the unmer- 
chantable product taken by these feeding stations, which makes this 
feeding enterprise even more valuable as a local market than if strictly 
merchantable grain were used. 

This firm pays out on an average nearly $300,000 per year for farm 
products to be converted into beef, pork and mutton. Half-fat or warmed 
np stock never leave the Hord feed yards. Shipments are made by the 
train load, and go at all seasons, depending upon the mature or ripe 
condition of the animals more than markets. 

Mr. Hord has introduced the profit-sharing system Into the manage- 
ment of his feeding operations, whereby employes occupying responsible 
positions are given a per cent of the profit accruing from the business 
under their charge, in addition to their salaries. This incentive to 
cloBer attention and more thorough work needs no argument on behalf 



do Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 



of its practical application in results. Practical men, with personal in- 
terests, invite success in any line of business. 

The system of communication employed by Mr. Hord in the general 
oversight of his feeding stations is the telephone. Private telephone 
lines connect the various ranches with his office and residence in Central 
City, where, at stated hours through the day, he consults with his fore- 
men and managers at the various feeding stations on matters pertaining 
to the business of each. In this way he is at all times familiar with the 
conditions and able to advise as to changes needed. 

The Hord feeding industry, besides its many attractive features of 
magnitude and splendor of stock views in every direction. Is an educator, 
imparting lessons of value and profit on every hand to those who are 
interested in the feeding and handling of live stock. At no other place can 
one learn so much of the distinctive properties of the meat-producing 
animals of the country and their relative values as meat as can be gath- 
ered at the Hord feeding stations. 

Cattle come into these yards from almost all states engaged in cattle 
raising throughout the West, Northwest and South. These various classes 
of cattle, made so by breeding and climatic influences, afford an interesting 
study for the observing and critical student in live stock information. 



THE SHEEP FEEDING INDUSTRY OF NEBRASKA. 

The sheep feeding industry of Nebraska presents the most astonishing 
feature of development, in meat production, that can be brought to the 
attention of the reading public. No one unacquainted with the practical 
work of handling large flocks can entertain an approximate idea of the 
magnitude of this business as now carried on in this State without being 
brought to a realization of the mammoth proportions by the aid of sta- 
tistics. 

Sheep feeding as a business began in Nebraska in 1879. Just who 
should be the accredited originator of this enterprise cannot safely be 
stated as there are several claimants. It is safe, however, to say that 
the first extensive sheep feeding operations were commenced in Dodge 
county, near Fremont. The largst number of sheep ever fed in one 
county in the State was in 1892, when Dodge county fed 200,000. In 
1893 there were about 400,000 sheep fed in the State, and in 1894 there 
was practically a relinquishment of all that had been acquired in the line 
of feeding operations, owing to the corn crop failure of that year. 

A renewed effort in sheep feeding, based upon the com yield of 1895, 
which was much below the average for the State, coming with a single 
bound up to 300,000 head of sheep, established beyond a doubt that mut- 
ton production in Nebraska had become a fixed means of profitably mar- 
keting millions of acres of the corn and hay crops of the State. A 
comparison of statistics will more fully impress upon the mind the im- 
portance of this rapidly growing industry in Nebraska. 

In 1897, when Nebraska produced more corn by 8,340,000 bushels than 
any other State in the Union, there were in its feed yards finishing for 
the mutton markets of the world, 1,000,000 sheep. These sheep were 
distributed all over the corn growing sections of the State, and in flocks 



Sheep Feeding Industry. 91 



ranging from a few hundred to 30,000 head. When we consider that these 
figures represented the sheep actually on feed in the feed yards, exclusive 
of the flocks of stock sheep running on the farms and ranches of Ne- 
braska, and that their members exceeded the present sheep population 
of the states of Maine, New Hampshire; Vermont, Massachusetts, Con- 
necticut, Rhode Island, New Jersey and Delaware, states largely devoted 
to sheep raising, we can then have some conception of the greatness of 
the sheep feeding industry and the possibilities of Nebraska along live 
stock and agricultural lines, in comparison with other states and other 
districts of the United States. 

The sheep feeding industry in Nebraska has been steadily increasing, 
widening out, covering larger districts of country, until every corn grow- 
ing county in the State is represented by its annual output of thousands 
of well fatted mutton. The common farmer has been given opportunity 
to observe the value of the sheep as an economic and profitable means 
of converting the crops of the farm into a concentrated market product. 
This opportunity has been taken advantage of, and the present sheep 
feeding industry is not confined, as formerly, to large bands and extensive 
feeding plants, but extends to the farmer of limited means where only a 
few loads are put in the feed yards. 

The close proximity of Nebraska's feed yards to the range sheep 
country on the west, where one-half of all the sheep of the United States 
are produced, is additional evidence why this sheep feeding industry 
is a natural resource of the State, and is the outgrowth of the great feed 
production in grains and hays that Nebraska has developed in recent 
years. The only reason that Nebraska will not be feeding 5,000,000 sheep 
within the next decade will be the lack of demand for the mutton. 
Nebraska's grain and hay producing ability has not yet been brought to 
a test, the feed resources are practically without limit, intensive culti- 
vation for crop yield has not been thought of, much less put into practice. 

When this one industry of sheep feeding is singled out and placed 
in comparison with what other states are doing that claim to be sheep 
and wool growing districts, we then have a faint shadow of the future of 
Nebraska, when its millions of untilled acres are brought into use as 
grain producing and hay growing lands. 



IMPROVED BREEDS OF SHEEP. 
In the breeds of improved sheep, Nebraska contains some of the 
finest prize-winning animals in the United States. Prominent among 
these are the flocks of C. H. Ballinger and Robert Taylor, whose Shrop- 
shires, Hampshires, Leicesters and Rambouillets have visited many of 
the largest shows and expositions in the country and have been recog- 
nized by merited awards. The climatic conditions in Nebraska, together 
with the excellence of its pasture grasses, its superior feeds and great 
abundance of alfalfa hay, is a guarantee for success with the breeding 
flock. There is a strong tendency towards the establishing of the farm 
mutton flock. 



92 



Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 



GOVERNMENT LANDS IN NEBRASKA. 

Nebraska has an area of 49,137,280 acres; 39,549,812 acres are classed 
as appropriated, 606,611 acres are reserved, and 8,989,857 acres are unap- 
propriated, or subject to homestead entry, called government lands. These 
unappropriated lands are located in eight government land districts, 
designated as follows: 



ALLIANCE DISTRICT. 

Box Butte county . . 48,632 acres 

Cheyenne county .... 280,571 

Dawes county 157,070 

Deuel county 517,256 

Scotts Bluffs county.. 122,565 

Sheridan county 550,031 

Sioux county 874,052 



Total 2,550.177 acres 

BROKEN BOW DISTRICT. 

Blaine county 231,578 acres 

Brown county 143,745 

Cherry county t)28,247 

Custer county 30,293 

Grant county 183,398 

Hooker county 325,349 

Logan county 142,400 

McPherson county . . . 278,276 
Thomas county 252,746 



Total 2,116.032 acres 

LINCOLN DISTRICT. 
This district has but a small acre- 
age of government lands left, there 
being only 4.625 acres; 3,700 of this 
is in Greeley county, 725 in Valley, 
120 in Custer, 40 in Sherman, and 40 
In Buffalo. 

McCOOK DISTRICT. 

Chase county 47.467 

Dundy county 117,548 

Frontier county 640 

Harlan county 40 

Hayes county 17.897 

Hitchcock county .... 2,500 
Red Willow county . . 400 



Total 186,992 acres 



NORTH PLATTE DISTRICT. 

Custer county S'^'^ a'^'^e.': 

Dawson county 180 " 

Keith county 117,2i)3 

Lincoln county 179,768 

Logan county 33,035 

McPherson county ... 271.123 

Perkins county 15,268 

Total 617,377 acres 

O'NEILL DISTRICT. 

Boone county 4,898 acres 

Boyd county 20,041 

Brown county 5,900 

Garfield county 149,920 

Holt county 101,780 

Keyapaha county .... 600 " 

Knox county 400 

Loup county 198,740 

Rock county 52,120 

Wheeler county 87,520 

Total 621,919 acre.s 

SIDNEY DISTRICT. 

Banner county 46.368 acres 

Cheyenne county .... 206,496 " 

Deuel county 140,62') 

Keith county 11,517 

Kimball county 109, P.'?! 

Scotts Bluffs county.. 14,929 

Total 629.866 acres 

VALENTINE DISTRICT. 

Brown county 279,737 acres 

Cherry county 1,871,458 

Keyapaha county .... 36,322 
Rock county 166,722 

Total :!,354,38» acres 



These estimates are the government reports for the year ending June 
30, 1903, and are lessened by the homestead entries filed subsequent to 
this date. 

How to Procure These Lands. — These lands can be procured only 
under the homestead law, which requires actual settlement for a period 
of five years in order to get a frev-; title or patent to the land. 

Persons Entitled to Make Homestead Entries. — A single man over 
twenty-one years old; a single woman over twenty-one years old; a mar- 
ried man over twenty-one years old; a married man, the head of a family, 
if not twenty-one years old. 

A married woman has no legal right to make a homestead entry. 

A homestead entry may be made for 160 acres or less. The expense 
of filing a homestead entry is as follows: For 160 acres, $14; 120 acres, 
$13; 80 acres, $7; 40 acres, $6. It costs to prove up on a homestead, at 
expiration of the five years: Land office fees, $4 for 160 acres; $3 for 
120 acres; ^2 for 80 acres; and $1 for 40 acres. 



Government Lands. 



93 



Any person making a homestead entry must, within six months from 
the filing of the entry, move onto the land and establish a home and re- 
main thereon at least fourteen months, when commutation may be made 
by proving actual residence and paying to the Receiver of the local 
Land Office $1.25 per acre for the land filed on. Otherwise a continuous 
residence of five years is required in order to obtain title. 

The greater portion of the government lands remaining unoccupied 
in Nebraska are best suited to grazing and stock ranching purposes. They 
are generally improving in quality each year and becoming more resource- 
ful as grazing and hay lands. Opportunities for the man of small capital 
to start in the raising of live stock on the unappropriated millions of 
acres of good grazing lands cannot be excelled in any portion of the 
globe. 

As evidence of the value and utility of these lands we quote a letter 
under date of October 30, 1903, from the Register of the Land Office at 
Valentine, Neb.: 

" Dear Sir: This land district embraces most of Brown, Cherry 
Keya Paha and Rock counties. In Brown county there are approximately 
265,000 acres unappropriated and subject to entry; in Cherry, 1,750,000 
acres; in Keya Paha, 24,000 acres; and in Rock, 155,000 acres. 

" During the year ending June 30, 1903, homestead entries were made 
in this office covering 117,723 acres, and final proof made to 55,105 acres. 

" At present vacant lands can only be entered under the homestead 
law or by location with scrip, except in case of isolated tracts of less 
than IGO acres, which may be purchased at public sale under prescribed 
regulations. I shall not attempt any description of the country or oppor- 
tunities offered settlers, as you are quite familiar with existing condi- 
tions, which were never better, all interests doing well. 

" J. C. PETTIJOHN, Register." 




FAT SHEEP AT NEBRASKA EXPERIMENT FARM. 



94 



Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 




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-■-> 


OS 



July, 1904. 



95 




MOON'S PHASES. 





BOSTON 




D. H. jr. 


L.Q. 


5 5 54 E. 


UM. 


13 27 M. 


FM. 


19 3 49 E. 


KM. 


■27 4 42M. 



CHICAGO 1 


D. 


H.M. 


5 


4 54 E 


12 11 27 E.I 


19 


2 49 E. 


27 


3 42 M. 



SEATTLE. 

D. H. M. 

5 2 54 E. 

12 9 27 E. 

19 49 E. 

27 1 42 M. 



D. \D. 

M. W. 



HISTORICAL EVENTS, Etc. 



LATITUDE 

Of Boston, N e w 
England, Middle 
Staies.O.,Ind.,Ill., 
Mo., Kan.. Neb., 
Iowa, Mich., Wis., 
Minn.,Or.&Wash. 



bun 
rises. 

H. M. 



Sun 

sets. 
;r. M. 



Moon 
rises. 

H. M 



LATITUDE 

Of Charleston, N. 
& S. C, Ga., Ala., 
Tenn., Miss., La., 
Ark., Tex., Now 
Mexico and Cal. 



Sun 
rises. 



Sun 
sets. 



Moon 
rises, 



IFrj 6 k a- 



^3 



4 27 

4 27 



7 40 10 1 
7 40 10 29 



4 bb 
4 55 



7 12 9 48 
7 12 10 20 



27. 5tli Sunday after Trinity. Lulve 5. 15h. 12m. Day's Length, 14h. 16m. 



C in apogee. 

in aphelion. [8101. 

5th. Adm. Farragut b. , 

__ 6 11 a. 

Annexat'n of Hawaii, '98. 
6 9 (D superior. 
6 ^0- (Tgr libration E. 



c 



/WV 


4 28 


7 40 


10 50 


4 


4 56 


7 12 


■vw 


4 28 


7 40 


11 25 


4 


4 56 


7 12 


X 


4 29 


7 39 


11 52 


4 


4 57 


7 11 


>f 


4 29 


7 39 


morn 


4 


4 57 


7 11 


T 


4 30 


7 39 


20 


5 


4 58 


7 11 


T 


4 31 


7 38 


54 


5 


4 58 


7 11 


T 


4 32 


7 38 


1 30 


5 


4 58 


7 11 



10 51 

11 25 

11 57 
morn' 

30 

1 7 
1 48 



,28. 6th Sunday after Trinity. Matt. 5. 15h. 5m. Day's Length, 14h. 11m. 



6^9- 

John Q. Adams b., 1767. 

6 ^ (L. 6 ^ <L. 

^i3th. c5 9(r. 6 ^d- 

^p* C in perigee. 
5 gr. hel. lat. N. 
Col W.P.Johnston d., '99 



4 87 



2 3 

3 2 
3 59 

sets 

8 38 

9 17 
9 53 



4 59 

4 59 

5 



2 35 

3 26 

4 24 
sets I 

8 21 

9 6 
9 47 



29. 7th Sunday after Trinity. Mark. 8. 14h. 55ra. Day's Length, 14h. 5m. 



Su 
M 
Tu 
W 
Th 
Fr 
Sa 



Santiago surrend'r'd,1898 
Deane Stanley died, 1881. 

319th.Greenhalgeb,'42. 
Bat Peachtree c'k,'64. 
U HG. a gr. lib. W. 
Garibaldi born, 1807. 
9 in perihelion 




33 


10 28 


6 


32 


11 4 


6 


32 


11 36 


6 


31 


morn 


6 


30 


11 


6 


29 


48 


6 


28 


1 32 


6 



8 1 10 28 
8 11 9 



11 48 
morn 

26 
1 

1 54 



SO. 8th Sunday after Trinity. Matt. 7. 14h. 44m. Day's Length, 13h. 56m. 



6^(L. 
St. James. 

Robert Fulton born, 1765 
^27 th P'nce,P.U sur,'98 
iM/ 6 h d. 
Wm.Wilberforced., 1833. 

(f in apogee. 



r 


4 44 


7 28 


2 17 


G 


5 8 


7 4 


t 


4 45 


7 27 


3 6 


6 


5 8 


7 4 


t 


4 46 


7 26 


4 1 


6 


5 9 


7 3 


n 


4 47 


7 25 


rises 


6 


5 10 


7 2 


n 


4 48 


7 23 


8 3 


6 


5 10 


7 2 


AM. 


4 49 


7 22 


8 33 


6 


5 11 


7 1 


AVfc 


4 50 


7 21 


8 59 


6 


5 11 


7 



31. 9th Sun', after Trinity. Lu ke 16. 14 h. 
31ISu[ Mr-sTSpTague Wash. d,'98T^rT5~l|" 



29ra. Day's Lengt h, 
y"20r9~2r|| 611 5 121 



2 41 

3 31 

4 24 
rises 

7 48 

8 21 
8 52 

13h. "4Sm. 
7 0| 9 24 



96 Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 



SCHOOL AND PUBLIC LIBRARIES.. 

Nebraska Is well supplied with libraries, ihere being of school and 
public libraries about 100 in the State. The importance of the public 
library is a subject that is constantly kept before the minds of our 
people. The teachers in the public schools advocate the library, the 
children are taught the need of such information as may be had by 
reading the productions of our best authors, thus the spirit of education 
is encouraged and the library enterprise is developing in every community. 

The Nebraska Public Library Commission is doing an excellent work 
in furthering the library interest, and encouraging a disposition among 
all classes to read more and better books. Sdna D. Bullock, Secretary 
of the Nebraska Public Library Commission, in speaking of the traveling 
library, says: 

" The traveling libraries have proven our most effectual means of 
awakening interest in libraries and reading. We now have twenty-three 
collections of forty volumes each, traveling about the State and remain- 
ing three months in a place, pt the end of which time they return to 
Lincoln to be sent elsewhere. These libraries have been circulated from 
barber shops, drug stores, postofRces, school houses, dwellings and small 
public libraries. Twenty-eight different places have already been visited 
by these beneficent travelers. The testimony as to their usefulness is 
universal. Every place that has had one wants another." 

The law creating this Commission was passed by the Legislature of 
1901, acting at the solicitation of the Nebraska Federation of Women's 
Clubs, the Nebraska Library Association, the Nebraska Teachers' Asso- 
ciation, and friends of library extension and education throughout the 
State. The bill was introduced by the late David Brown, of Nebraska 
City, and may well be termed a monument to his memory. The law went 
into effect July 1, 1901, and active work was begun the following No- 
vember. 

The intention of the fraraers of this law was to encourage the found- 
ing of libraries, and the better administration of those already estab- 
lished, and to aid in every way possible the educational development of 
the State by helping the people to the desire for more and better books. 

The Commission is required to collect statistics of the libraries of 
the State and to report to the Governor all facts that it deems of public 
interest. It is further enjoined that the Commission "shall, when asked, 
give advice and instruction to all libraries or individuals, and to all 
communities which may propose to establish libraries, as to the best 
means of establishing, organizing and administering such libraries, select- 
ing, and cataloguing books, and other duties of library management." 
Likewise, the Commission is bound to "promote and assist by counsel 
and encouragement the formation of libraries where none exist," and it 
may send " its members or officers to aid in organizing new libraries or 
Improving those already established." 

Traveling Libraries. — The Commission is authorized to loan "any 
books, collections of books or other property," it may possess to " any 
library, college, school, university extension center, Chautauqua circle, 
literary society, study club or other association approved by the rules 



Public Libraries. 97 



of the Commission." The transportation charges both ways, as well as 
all expense connected with the local distribution of the books, must be 
paid by the borrowers. These expenses must be arranged for by the 
applicants to whom the library is loaned. No fee can be charged for the 
use of the books, but voluntary contributions may be solicited from bor- 
rowers and the money so collected may be used towards defraying the 
local expenses incurred. 

How a Traveling Library May Be Secured. — Application for traveling 
libraries or for the special loan of books on a particular subject should 
be addressed to the Secretary of the Commission, Miss Edna D. Bullock, 
Lincoln, who will then send the printed application blank. The Com- 
mission desires to make the rules governing the loan and use of the 
traveling libraries so simple that they will offer no obstacle whatever to 
the free use of the books. Any study club desiring a few books on a sub- 
ject may secure such books if the Commission is able to supply them. 
The residents of a community are entitled to the free use of any traveling 
library loaned to the community by the Commission. Books sent as spe- 
cial loans may be used solely by the association or the individual to whom 
the loan is made. 

To carry the law into effect, the Legislature appropriated $4,000. This 
sum is not sufficient for the work contemplated by the law. 

The officers of the Nebraska Public Library Commission are: J. L 
Wyer, Jr., President; Board of Directors — E. Benjamin Andrews, Chan- 
cellor of the University of Nebraska; W. K. Fowler, State Superintendent 
of Public Instruction; Lee Herdman, State Librarian; F. L. Haller, Omaha 
Public Library; Edna D. Bullock, Secretary, office, Capitol Building, 
Lincoln. 



Prof. A. E. Davlsson, Head Master of the School of Agriculture, came 
to the position in 1S94, from the Agricultural College of New Mexico. He 
has been an enthusiastic and indefatigable worker in the interest of 
strictly agricultural education. He was instrumental in organizing the 
Agricultural Students' League for the purpose of encouraging short- 
course students in further agricultural studies and experiments at their 
homes, and is awake to every interest which will strengthen Nebraska's 
agriculture. See page 19, fourth row, third on right. 

E. A. Burnett was born in the timber belt of Central Michigan, where 
he helped his father stock one of the. finest farms in that section. He 
graduated in 1SS7 from the Michigan Agricultural College, to which he 
was called two years lattr as assistant Professor of Agriculture. After- 
ward he took the management of the Hiram Walker 5,000-acre stock farm 
in Canada, which position he resigned, his father's death requiring his 
attention on the home farm. Became Professor of Agriculture and Animal 
Husbandry in the South Dakota Agricultural College, which position he 
resigned to become Professor of Animal Husbandry in the School of 
Agriculture and, later, Director of the Experiment Station, in which work 
he has achieved the greatest of success, as is shown by the rapid advance- 
ment made in that department of the University. See page 19, third at 
right in second row. 

Goodtvin D. Swezey, son of a pioneer farmer of Northern Illinois; born 
in Rockford, 111., in 1S51; graduate of Beloit College in 1S73; took degree 
A. M. there three years later. Professor in Doane College, Crete, Neb., from 
1880 to 1894; since then connected with the l^ni versify of Nebraska as 
Meteorologist and Astronomer. See third person, fifth row, page 19. 



98 Neoraska's Resources Illustrated. 



H. E. Henth, senior member of the Nebraska Farmer family and busi- 
ness manaser, is a native Buckeye of 1848, the second of a family of three 
boys and four girls, all living. When the subject of our sketch was three 
years old his parents moved to Illinois and located on a new farm; Mr. 
Heath stuck to the farm until he was twenty, then attended High School, 
spent a year in a general merchandise store, then finished a two-years' 
course at the Illinois Normal and taught school three years in Illinois. 
Emigrating to Nebraskr in 1873, took up a homestead near Republican City, 
Neb.; starting with an ox team, he experienced frontier life and stayed by 
the farm through drouglit and grasshopper times, in the me;inHnie teach- 
ing school in Nebraska and at Ellis, Kas., winter of '15 and '76; then was 
agent and operator at Hayes City, on Kansas Pacific, for a vear. All of his 
earnings went to improve his Harlan county farm. In 1880 he started as 
field man for the Live Stock Record of Kansas City, and remained for six 
years, then bought the Nebraska Farmer, at Lincoln, associated nearly two 
years with L. L. Seller, then bought out Mr. Seller's interest in Nebraska 
Farmer, but to do this had to part with the 240-acre Harlan county farm. 
In 1888 his brother. A, B. Heath, took an interest in the Nebraska Farmer, 
and for ten years the boys did heroic work with limited capital and made 
the Nebraska Farmer a strong and inrtuential paper, removing it to 
Omaha the first of 1898. Then H. F. 'Mcintosh joined the Heath Bros., all 
three taking an equal interest after merging the Cultivator and Stock- 
man. Mr. Mcintosh's paper, and Campbell's Soil Culture, into the present 
Nebraska Farmer. In June. 1902, the paper was incorporated, and in 
Mamh. 1903, Mr. Mcintosh disposed of his interest in Nebraska Farmer to 
H. E. Heath. (No. 12, page 99.) 

Martin T. AVliHe was born in Iowa, 1SG9, and at an early age worked 
on the daily newspapers of Des Moines. He learned the printer's trade on 
the Des Moines Register, in which capacity he first became connected with 
the Nebraska Farmer, in 1887, and has hustled on every department of it 
sinc^e. In the marvellous expansion of the paper Mr. White's energies were 
absorbed in the Subscription Department several years, and the past year 
or two has been in the field, soliciting, reporting, and everywhere exerting 
himself for the interests of the paper; by his tact, enthusiasm, and keen 
judgment winning a name of which many an old and experienced field 
man might be proud. (No. 16. page 99.) 

1... J. Binke was born in Connecticut, reared there first ten years, then 
twelve yeTrs in Ohio. Common school education; graduate of Harvard 
Law School; practiced law ten years; railroad accountant in Omaha seven 
and one-half years; teacher business course in Omaha High School eleven 
years; joined Nebraska Farmer staff July 1, 1901, as bookkeeper and office 
manager of advertising. Mr. Blake is an amateur horticulturist and grower 
of choice flowers, and with his wife as active partner, works for the adorn- 
ment and imnrovement of the home and its surroundings. He is an ardent 
fisherman, fond of attending foot ball, base ball and any clean athletic 
game. His recreation is the care and study of small fruits, flowers, music, 
and a daily study of the general s^^ienfes. (No. 11, page 99.) 

I.uther Allison AVeb.ster. live stock artist, first saw light of day forty 
years ago in the town of Shoreham. Vt. At fourteen he left home to attend 
Old Newton Academy, and in 1879 entered Bln'-k River Academy, Ludlow. 
Vt.. graduating with highest grade in 1880. He taught school; studied at 
Collegiate Institute. Ft. Edward. N. Y., and later was engaged in sketch- 
ing sheep in Vermont. New York. Pennsylvania and Ohio, and later did 
civil engineering in VAMsconsin. About 1884-.'i he reached Kansas City and 
did sketching for the Live Stock Record, and there became acfiuainted with 
H. E. Heath, field man for the same paper. In 1888 he designed and made 
the present lie.Tding of the Nebraska Farmer. Since then he has done most 
of the illustrating and artistic work on the Nebraska Farmer, as well as 
for most of tlie leading live stof^k and agricultural publications of this 
Country. PTe is devoted to his profession, and a consoientious student of 
nature, preferring to make his sketches true to life. (No. 7, page 99.) 

Tlios. J. mtfe. senior field man for the Nebraska Farmer, is a Hoosier 
by birth, but thirty-nine years a resident of Nebraska. Next to Mr. H. E. 
Heath,' he has been on the road as field man a longer time than any other 
man in the West. He has a large circle of ar-quaintances among breeders 
of fine stock, and is ref^ognized as an exnert judge of pure bred stock. 
In the pursuit of his business he covers 2ii.O00 miles a year — oTice around 
the globe — speaks several different languages, and claims to write nothing 
but the truth and that for snot cash at so much a line. (No. 10. page 99.) 

rasslus II. Marsh, a Nebraskan by birth, has been employed in the 
mechanical department of the Nebraska Farmer about fifteen years, form- 
erly as foreman of the composing room, and now operating the large and 
expensive linotype machine which "sets type" for the paner each week. 
Mr. Marsh's interests are principally at Brownville. Neb., where his home 
is. He owns a fine farm near that city, which he is constantly improving. 
(No. 9, pae-e 99.) 

■\V. J. Kalus was born in Germany in 18.^7, and settled at Nebraska City 
in lSfi3. where he was educated, beginning newspaper work in 1872 on 
the Nebraska Citv Chronicle. Had twelve years' experience in Chicago as 
pressman and foreman of large printing offlces. then was foreman fro the 
Jaf^ob North Printing Co., Lincoln, from 1893 to 1898, looking after 
Nebraska Farmer press work inost of that time. Called to Omaha as 
foreman of Western Newspaper Union in 1898, and since that time has been 
responsible for the splendid press owrk done on the Nebraska Farmer. 
No. 14, page 99.) 



Makers of Nebraska Farmer. 



99 




L.tfC 



100 Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 

C. W. Hervey, Managing Editor of Nebraska Farmer; native of Ohio, of 
Scotch-Irish parentage. After public school he was three years at 
McNeeley Normal and Hopedale College of Ohio. Commenced the feeding 
and care of stock as soon as he -was able to carry a bucket of feed; at 
sixteen became owner of and took entire charge of a flock of thoroughbred 
sheep; was a member of first Merino registering association in United 
States. In 1876 was made Chairman of Ohio Pedigree Committee for the 
Vermont Merino liegister; was one of five Ohio breeders who joined in a 
call for a mass convention at Columbus, O.. in 18S1; was elected Chairman 
at this meeting of Pedigree Committee and served until 18!S3, when he 
came to Nebraska and homesteaded in Antelope county and later became 
owner of a l.OUO-acre ranch, which he operated four years. Came to 
Omaha, 1887, bought a monthly farm journal called the Homestead Culti- 
vator and Housekeeper, changing to semi-monthly, and named it Western 
Stofkman and Cultivator; sold it in 1SS& to H. F. Mclntosli and then became 
Agricultural Editor of the weekly edition of tlie Daily World-Herald, and 
remained until August, 1901, when he accepted the position of Associate 
Edit.ir of Nebraska Farmer. In April, 19U3, he succeeded H. F. Mcintosh 
as Kdltor-in-Chief of the Nebraska Farmer, who had sold his interest and 
retired from newspaper work. During his twenty years' residence in Ne- 
braska, Mr. Hervey has been engaged in the active management of his 
ranch and live stock interests and has been associated officially with county 
and state agricultviral interests; for the pa.st five years a member of the 
State Hoard of Agriculture. (No. 13, page 99.) 

HiiKli V- Mclnto.sli was born in Ohio, of Scotch parents, and brought 
up on a large stock farm, where the first thirty years of his life were 
passed as a farm boy, farm laborer, and farm manager, only brief periods 
being stolen from farm employment for advanced study and school teach- 
ing. In 1S89, moved to Omaha, Neb., to become Editor of Western Stock- 
man and Cultivator, a live stock journal that i\lr. Geo. W. Hervey, present 
Editor of Nebraska Farmer, was building up from a consolidation of t .vo 
monthly papers, the American Cattle Journal, formerly edited by Hon. 
Robert W. Furnas, and the Nebraska Housekeeper, published by Hon. W. 
C. B. Allen. Secretary of the Omaha Board of Trade. Witliin the follow- 
ing two years Mr. Mcintosh became sole owner of the Western Stockman 
and Cultivator, continuing its publication as The Cultivator till January 

1, 1898, when it was consolidated with the Nebraska Farmer and Campbeir.<? 
Soil Culture, Mr. Mcintosh becoming Editor-in-Chief of the consolidated 
papers. In March, 19U3, Mr. Mcintosh sold his interests in the Nebraska 
Farmer to engage in farming and stock feeding on a fine alfalfa farm in 
Hall county, Nebraska, and is engaged in newspaper correspondence. (No. 
5, page 99.) 

Mls.s Zeltn A. Mattliews was reared in Ashtabula county, Ohio, where 
four generations of the family have lived. Was graduated from Omaha 
High School in 1894; further private study in Latin and Psychology a year 
and a half; graduated from Business College; six years stenographer and 
private clerk to Assistant Superintendent Hammond Packing Co., Soutli 
Omaha. Has taught physical culture two years; summer of 1903 spent in 
private study under Genevieve Stebbins, Principal of New York School of 
Expression. Has been with Nebraska Farmer since November, 1901. (No. 

2, page 99.) 

A. B. Heath, field man for Nebraska Farmer since 18S8, is No. 14 in 
group on page 99, and his sketch is given on page 77, as Secretary of Ne- 
braska Shorthorn Bredcrs' Association. 

Miss Mae C. Peterson ■was born in Wyoming, and has lived in Omah.-i 
some twenty years, whore she was educated, finishing at tlie High School. 
She has been connected with the Nebraska F.aimer five years, proving very 
proficient in the Subscription and Mailing Department. (No. 4, page 99.) 

Alfrcrt Heath Ilobertson was born in ITarlan county, Nebraska; grad- 
uated from the High School at Nelson, Neb., in June, 1902; the following 
January entered the Nebraska Farmer office, where he now has charge of 
the Subscription and Mailing Department. (No. 8, page 99.) 

George B. Cooper, foreman of the composing room since June. 1003. 
was boin in Illinois; attended school in Iowa. He worked for a short 
time on the Nebraska Farmer when the paper was publislied at Lincoln: 
later was employed on the Signal of Geneva, Neb. Was married at Geneva 
several years ago. and has a little daughter. Both Mr. Cooper and liis 
wife, and all their nearest relatives, have "lived close to nature's heart," 
and been tillers of the soil. (No. 1, page 99.) 

AV. C. Chissell was born and resided in England until twenty years of 
age, at which time he came to America and settled in Central Nebraska, 
where for seventeen years he was engaged in farming and ranching, after 
wliich he embarked in the real estate business, but finally gave this up to 
take up the work on the Nebraska Farmer. (No. 3. page 99.) 

Mrs. :!(Iiniiie P. Kiiotts. Editor of tne Household Department since early 
in 1903, has been connected with the Nebraska Farmer at intervals for tlic 
past eight years. She is a "tree planter" by birth and raising: has taken 
a course in journalism at the University of Nebraska, and has attended the 
State Normal School at Peru. ]\Irs. Knotts has a bright and charming per- 
sonality, is an enthusiastic and ambitious worker, and is recognized as a 
writer of marked ability. (No. 6. page 99.) 



Nebraska's Grain Production. 101 



NEBRASKA AS A GRAIN PRODUCING STATE. 

The very high standard of fertility possessed by tlie rich agricultural 
lands of Nebraska has been a feature of excellence that has been recog- 
nized by scientific and practical agriculturists, even in the early settle- 
ment of the State. Tnat Nebraska has moved forward so rapidly in 
grain production is not a matter of surprise to those most familiar with 
the producing quality of the soil. But to those having had experience 
in its cultivation or observation in its crop producing results, there re- 
mains a mystery why Nebraska today, though comparatively a new 
State, stands so high in grain production. 

Corn. — Nebraska stands third in the production of corn among the 
big corn producing states of the United States. From this time forward 
it will be a dangerous rival for first place, as it has an abundance of good 
corn land yet uncultivated that would increase its acreage two to three 
millions, and its yield sufficient to exceed that of any state in the Union. 
It is only a matter of time when Nebraska will step to the front in corn 
production. The history of Nebraska's corn production is as follows, 
commencing with 1860, the first census period after the organization of 
the State under state government: 
Yrs. Bus. Yrs. Bus. Yrs. Bus. 

18G0... .. 1,482,000 1893 157,279,000 1899 224,373.001) 

1870 4,736,710 1894 13,856,000 1900 210,430,000 

1880 65,450,135 1895 125,685,000 1901 109,142,000 

1890 55,310,000 1896 298,600,000 1902 252,520,000 

1891 167,652,000 1897 241,268,000 1903 222,419,000 

1892 157,145,000 1898 158,755,000 

The rating of Nebraska in corn production, as compared with the 
com producing states, is as follows: 1897, first; 1896, second ;1898, 1900, 
1901 and 1903, third; 1899 and 1902, fourth; showing that for the past 
eight years it is even better than a third. During this same period 
Iowa and Illinois, the two recognized leaders in corn production, have 
been a tie for first place, standing four to four. In 1897 Nebraska pro- 
duced 8,340,000 bushels more corn than any other state in the Union, 
and for the past nine years has yielded an annual average of 205,000,000 
bushels. 

Wheat. — In wheat production Nebraska has taken a well established 
claim for fifth place. The wheat producing history of Nebraska is given 
in the following table: 

Yrs. Bus. Yrs. Bus. 

1893 10,688.000 1899 20,792,000 

1804 8,755,000 1900 24,802.000 

1895 14,787,000 1901 42,007.000 

1890 15,315.000 1896 19,391,000 1902 52,727,000 

1891 18.080,00*1 1897 27,453,000 1903 43,409,000 

1892 15.670,000 1898 34,679,000 

The rating of Nebraska, in comparison with the leading wheat pro- 
ducing states, is as follows: In 1896 Nebraska was ninth in wheat produc- 
tion; 1897, eighth; 1898, sixth; 1899, ninth; 1900, fifth; 1901, fifth; 1902, 
fourth; 1903. fifth, 



Yrs. 


Bus. 


1860 


147,867 


1870 


2,125,086 


1880. ... 


. 13,847,007 



102 Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 



The concentration of effort to winter wheat growing, in certain 
portions at tlie southwestern part of the State, has caused Nebraska to 
talve a prominent place among the leading wheat producing states. That 
there are millions of acres in that portion of the State which will be 
turned to winter wheat production, there is little doubt, since it is the 
most successful and profitable crop, yielding in very many instances from 
40 to 50 bushels per acre; a single crop paying the purchase price of the 
land the crop is grown on. 

Oats. — Nebraska is one of the most successful oats producing dis- 
tricts, though no special effort has been exerted yet in growing this crop. 
The oats crop history of the State can be gleaned from the following 
table, which commences back to near the beginning of cultivation in the 
State: 

Yrs. Bus. Yrs. Bus. 

1893 23,989,000 1899 51,474,000 

1894 19,747,000 1900 37.779.00r» 

1S95 39,912,000 1901 39,OC.'3.no ) 

1890 22,430,000 1896 34,093,000 1902 62,122,000 

1891 48,599,000 ' 1897 51,731,000 1903 53,099.000 

1892 43,131,000 1898 50,245,000 

The average annual yield of oats in Nebraska for the past eight 
years has been 48,201,000 bushels. Nebraska holds fifth place in the 
production of oats. Its standing in the past eight years is as follows: 
In 1896, eighth place; 1897, fourth; 1898, fifth; 1899, fifth; 1900, tenth; 
1901, sixth; 1902, fifth; 1903, fifth. 

All standard grains such as rye, barley, flax, buckwheat, etc., are 
grown with equal success. No other district is so well adapted to the 
successful production of all grain crops as Nebraska. 



Yrs. 


Bus. 


18G0.... 


74,.502 


1870.... 


1,477,502 


1880.... 


6,555,875 



J. I. AVyer. born thirty-five years ago in Minnesota; lived eighteen 
years at Concordia, Kas., six years in banking business there; educated at 
University of Minnesota and University of State of New York; became 
Librarian of University of Nebraska Library in 1898, after service in 
libraries in Minnesota and New York. Published in 1900 " Classification 
of the Literature of Agriculture," used widely in agricultural libraries. 
See page 19, first in fourth row. 

Ellery ^V• Davis, Professor of Mathematics, a teacher in the University 
since 1893, and Dean of the College of Literature. Science and the Arts 
since 1901, was born in Wisconsin. March, 1857. The University of Wis- 
consin conferred upon him degree 13. S. in 1879; in 1884 took Doctorate in 
Mathematics and Physics from the Johns Hopkins University; taught in 
Florida Agricultural College until 1888: in South Carolina College until 
1893. Is contributor to mathematical joiirnals;^author of "An Introduction 
to tlie Logic of Algebra." second edition published in 1894. See page 19. 
second picture from right, fourth row. 

Sniniiel Avery. Professor of Agricultur.nl Chemistry and Chemist of the 
Experiment Station at the University, was born in Illinois in 1865. At 
the age of ten he moved with his parents to Nebra.ska. where the follow- 
ing ten years were spent on a farm. ■ In 1887 he graduated from Doane 
Colleee. He took the degi-ees of B. Sc. and A. M. at the State University; 
and deg.-ee of Ph. D. at Heidelberg, Germany, in 1896. Since then has 
served as adjunct Professor in Chemistry in the University of Nebraska, 
also Professor of Chemistry and Chemist of the Experiment Station at 
the T/niversity of Idaho; was appointed to present position in August. 1901. 
See second picture at right, last row. page 19. 



Cattle Industry, 103 



THE CATTLE INDUSTRY IN NEBRASKA. 

From the time the first settlers crossed the Missouri and scattered 
WGStward over the vallej^s of the Platte and Elkhorn, the evidences of 
great prosperity in cattle growing on the Nebraska prairies were made 
manifest in the health and thrift of the cow and calf. So pronounced 
were these natural advantages for the herd, the nutritious grasses, the 
puro water in the beautiful flowing streams, the unexcelled climate — all 
so harmoniously combining to make it the cattle man's paradise, that 
public attention was soon directed to this new country. Capital and stock 
ranch enterprise were soon turned to this field for operation, and rapidly 
organized to go upon this unoccupied territory in advance of the home 
steader. The valleys and prairies in all directions from the Missouri 
westward became one vast herd grounds for the countless thousands 
of cattle roaming without restraint, except by the occasional presence of 
the cow boy in locating his particular charge. 

From 1870 to 18S5 a steady stream of breeding cattle came from the 
eastern states to supply the demand of the Nebraska range. In this 
importation came thousands of well bred Shorthorn cows, that formed 
the basis of the breeding herds which later developed the feeding repu- 
tation of the sand hills steer of Nebraska as having few, if any, equal in 
the feed yard as a profitable beet producer. 

In 1860, three years after Nebraska became a State, the census re- 
turns show a cattle population of 6,995 milch cows, 12,594 work oxen, and 
17,008 other cattle, making 37,197 head of cattle of all grades. 

In 1870 the cattle population had increased to 28,940 milch cows, 
5,951 work oxen and 45,057 other cattle, making a total of 79,954 cattle, 
thus more than doubling the cattle population from 18G0 to 1870. 

In 1880 there were 161,178 milch cows and 597,363 other cattle, making 
a total of 740,541 cattle of all grades — almost nine and one-half times the 
cattle population represented at the beginning of this ten-year period. 

In 1890 the cattle of the State had increased to 420,069 milch cows, 
1,306,370 other cattle, making a total cattle population of 1,726,439 head, 
showing that in this ten-year period the number of cattle had doubled 
two and one-half times. 

In 1900 the entire cattle population had reached the astonishing 
number of 3,176,242 head, valued at 182,469,498. 

Commencing fifty years ago there were practically no cattle in what 
is now designated as the State of Nebraska. We have today at least 
three and one-quarter millions of cattle, which represents an average 
annual increase ot 65,000 head, from the beginning of cattle raising in 
Nebraska to the present date, 1903. 

Nebraska now stands fourth state in the Union in the production 
of cattle. In the matter of cattle development, no other state is ac- 
quiring numbers so rapidly. In quality of herd improvement, Nebraska 
is adding more good blood to its herds, in the purchase of pure bred 
bulls and cows for actual use, than any other section of country en- 
gaged in cattle raising. The pure bred herds of the State, now en- 
gaged in the supply of improved animals for breeding purposes, are 
numbered by the hundreds. 



104 Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 

THE NEBRASKA STATE SWINE BREEDERS' ASSOCIATION. 

The State Swine Breeders' Association was organized in 1884 and 
from its inception received the hearty indorsement of the leading swine 
breeders of the State. Among those most actively engaged in the w^ork 
at that date were J. V. Wolfe of Lincoln, President; H. C. Dawson of Endi- 
cott, Vice President; C. A. Brown of Syracuse, Secretary; H. C. Stoll of 
Beatrice, Treasurer. Members — Dr. E. F. Latta, Syracuse; John O'Con- 
nell, L. E. Mahan, C. H. Clevinger, Malcolm; P. Gossard, Friend; C. 
H. Searle, Edgar; Samuel McKelvie, Fairfield; E. H. Andrews, Kearney; 
Aug. Seover, Edgar; C. H. Walker, Surprise; J. Doty, Hastings; J. E._, 
Dinsmore, Sutton; W. E. Spicer, Harvard; Horton & Horn, Unadilla; 
J. J. Kearn, Friedensau; A. B. Heath, Republican; R. C. Wakenight, 
Loup City; A. B. Johnson, Albion; H. C. Dawson & Son, Endicott; 
Mrs. A. M. Edwards, Fremont; J. M. Robinson, Kenesaw^; J. L. Barton, 
Ashland; W. H. Luce, Fullerton; G. W. Jenkins, Deweese; L. H. Suter, 
Neligh; Colthar & Leonard, Pawnee City; E. E. Day, Weeping Water; 
Keen & Going. Fremont. 

Records of this Association are not available to show who piloted 
the work so successfully down to recent years. For 1902, John Blain of 
Pawnee City w^as President, and E. Z. Russell of Herman, Secretary. 
For 1903, Gilbert Van Patton of Sutton was President, and Vice Presidents 
were C. H. Beethe, Elm Creek, representing Poland Chinas; Geo. Briggs, 
Clay Center, representing Duroc-Jersys; T. J. Congdon, Pawnee City, 
representing Berkshires; I. M. Fisher, Central City, representing Chester 
Whites; W. H. Taylor, Bethany, was Treasurer, and S. W. North, Lin- 
coln, Secretary. For 1904, R. E. Blodgett, Beatrice, President; C Beethe, 
Elk Creek, Vice President; and A. T. Cole, Beatrice, Secretary-Treasurer. 

The Swine Breeders' Association is among the foremost organizations 
in the State. It represents an industry that has no limit; it extends in 
influence and commercial value to every farm and hamlet in the State. 
The swine industry has been the pioneer live stock business of the west- 
ern farm. Where corn is produced, there the hog appears to aid in mar- 
keting the crop to the greatest possible advantage. 

The swine industry of Nebraska very justly merited the present posi- 
tion it holds in the commercial trade. The breeders of the improved 
breeds of swine deserve great praise for the advancement that has been 
made all along the line, both in organization and in producing the best 
hog the world ever knew. 



NEBRASKA DUROC-JE.nSEY SWINE BREEDERS' ASSOCIATION. 

The Nebraska Duroc-Jersey Swine Breeders' Association was organ- 
ized at Lincoln, January 16, 1001, with twelve members. The first officers 
were W. H. Taylor of Lincoln President; E. Z. Russell of Herman, Secre- 
tary-Treasurer. The organization has been energetic and faithful in 
advancing the interests of the red hog, and has increased its member- 
ship to eighty. The following breeders are now in official position: 
W. A. Kirkpatrick, Lincoln, President; T. L. Livingston, Burchard, Vice 
President; E. Z. Russell, Herman, Secretary-Treasurer; E. J. Brown, A. 
T. Cole and E. H. GifEord, Trustees. 



Swine Breeders' Associations. 105 



NEBRASKA POLAND CHINA BREEDERS' ASSOCIATION. 

The Nebraska Poland China Breeders' Association was organized at 
Lincoln, January 22, 1902, with the following breeders as charter mem- 
bers: A. Nickel, Jr., Bradshaw; S. McKelvie & Son, Fairfield; H. H. 
Meyers, Nickerson; L. W. Prouty, Randolph; W. H. Haven, Fremont; 
E. B. Day, North Bend; C. O. Timbe, Fontanelle; Aye Bros., Blair; A. T. 
Shattuck & Son, Prosser; W. G. Saddler, Juniata; J. H. Hamilton, Guide 
Rock; C. L. Prouty, Council Bluffs, la.; A. B. & F. A. Heath, Republican; 
Rudolph Firme, Juniata; Robert Burt, Jr., South Omaha; T. C. Callahan, 
Omaha; C. M. Root, Omaha; John L. Dawson, Wymore; H. R. Clayton, 
Malcolm; William Foster, Saltillo; John Blain, Pawnee City; E. M. 
Metzger, Fairfield, la.; L. A. Rutan, Seward; G. M. Hall, Burchard; Henry 
Bock, David City; C. H. Beethe, Elk City; L. W. Hamilton, Kearney; 
E. H. Andrews, Kearney. Officers elected were: E. B. Day, President; 
A. T. Shattuck, Vice President; S. R. McKelvie, Secretary-Treasurer. 



NEBRASKA CHESTER WHITE SWINE BREEDERS' ASSOCIATION. 

This Association was organized January, 1903, at a meeting of 
breeders held at Lincoln for the purpose of promoting the interests of 
the Chester White hog. A constitution and by-laws were adopted, and 
the following oflicers elected: R. E. Blodgett, Beatrice, President; F. 
H. Butterfield, Humboldt, Secretary-Treasurer. 

This Association organized with bright prospects for a good mem- 
bership and a rapid advancement of the white hog in Nebraska. 



NEBRASKA CORN IMPROVERS' ASSOCIATION. 

On March 15, 1902, a Corn Improvers' Association was organized at 
a meeting held in Lincoln to improve the growing of corn in Nebraska, 
by improvement in seed, methods of tillage, etc. The original petitioners 
for a meeting for organization in response to a proposal for such organi- 
zation were made by the editor of the Nebraska Farmer, H. J. McLaughlin, 
Doniphan; T. W. DeLong, Ainsworth; L. A. Wilson, Simpson; D. E. 
Ritchey, Rising City; J. S. Cobeldick, Alma; H. R. Coles, Pawnee City; 
H. K. Smith, Shelton; O. C. Burch, Fairbury; F. S. Isham, Irvington; D. F. 
Stouffer, Belle vue; L. A. Love, Valparaiso; G. F. Smith, Ewing; G. W. 
Retzlaff, Walton; Bert Heesacker, Lindsay; Lee Smith, De Soto; F. T. 
Emerson, Waterloo; J. D. Evans, Kenesaw; B. B. Rice, Grand Island; 
C. L. Gerard, Columbus; Wm. Ernst, Graf; Karl Aldrich, Auburn; T. J. 
Beresford, Ceresco; Philip Bausch, Sr., O'Neill; Fred Rabeler, Leigh; 
L. V. Humphrey, Atkinson; A. C. Bishel, Kearney; T. L. Lyon, Lincoln; 
Jos. Hall, Tekamah; W. Anderson, Geneva; W. H. Gasaway, Bertrand; 
H. C. Lydick, Tekamah; H. F. Mcintosh, Omaha; E. A. Burnett, Lincoln; 
A. F. Wyanck, Lincoln. 

The original organization was effected with the following officers: 
President, Lee Smith; Vice Presidents, one from each congressional dis- 
trict, 1st, Wm. Ernst; 2d, D. F. Stouffer; 3d, Jos. Hall; 4th, H. J. Mc- 



lOG Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 

Lauglilin; oth, J. S. Cobeldick; Cth, T. W. DeLong; Secretary-Treasurer, 
T. L. Lyon. 

The Association immediately entered upon a series of seed corn grow- 
ing experiments which shall continue over a number of years. Later, 
plans for a winter corn show and meeting for the discussion of methods 
of corn improvement were matured, which were successfully carried out 
in January, 1903. 

There has been an unusual incentive this year, 1903, for encouraging 
a large display at the annual winter show. The appropriation of $150 
for premiums, made by the State Board of Agriculture, has been increased 
by an appropriation of $750 by the Nebrask? State Commission to the 
Louisiana Purchase Exposition, with a view of securing for the State a 
valuable corn exhibit to be used at the Exposition in 1904. ' 

The first officers elected were re-elected in January, 1903. 



ALFALFA ONE OF NEBRASKA'S LEADING CROPS. 

Nebraska is the most extensive and successful alfalfa producing dis- 
trict in the United States. In no other area of fifty millions of acres is 
alfalfa so universally grown and so abundantly productive in seed, hay 
and pasture as is now shown in Nebraska. 

Twenty years ago Nebraska commenced the introduction of alfalfa 
by experiments and tests in a small way to determine its adaptability to 
the soil and climate. Its success, under these conditions, was such as 
to give encouragement, and little by little the acreage increased until 
its feeding value became a matter of scientific investigation. Within 
the past eight years a general sentiment has been created in favor of 
increased acreage, and especially within the past five years has there been 
a widespread disposition to turn the hay crop of the farm and ranch to 
alfalfa as rapidly as conditions will permit. In no other state do alfalfa 
ranches extend into thousands of acres, and this without the encour- 
agement of a single acre of these large tracts being under irrigation. 
Natural conditions of moisture have been sufficiently successful in alfalfa 
culture in Nebraska to encourage hundreds of quarter section and half 
section tracts to be put to alfalfa growing as a feed and hay crop. 

The practical features of alfalfa have been determined in its value 
as a swine pasture and hay crop. So pronounced have been the re- 
sults that hog raising and feeding without the aid of the alfalfa 
pasture are regarded impracticable and lacking in business judgment 
among intelligent Nebraska stockmen. The same sentiment is rapidly 
finding indorsement with "the feeders of the hay eating animals, and the 
disposition to grow sufficient alfalfa to accommodate the hay demand on 
the farm and in the feed yard is being expressed by increased acreage 
where needed. 

The commercial feature of the alfalfa crop has not received the en- 
couragement anticipated by those who planned selling the hay on the 
open markets of the country. Its value as a growing and fattening feed 
for the meat producing animal is unquestioned, but as a feed for the hard 
worked city teams, there has been nothing in the form of hay that has 
been able to displace the native prairie hay of Nebraska. As a feed for 



Commission to World's Fair. 107 



the dairy cow, alfalfa stands at the top of the list, and no attempt has 
been made to displace it. As a profitable crop in the matter of liberal 
crop yield, it has no competitor among the grasses and clovers, and none 
in forage crops, unless, perhaps, the sorghum plant be introduced, and 
this is unevenly classed and a poor competitor, as the alfalfa needs no 
reseeding and is a pasture of considerable value after the hay is har- 
vested. 

Every acre of alfalfa, up to the limit of the stock carrying capacity 
of the farm, is worth $75 as a land investment or farm resource in the 
live stock operations of the land owner, but there is a limit to profitable 
alfalfa production on the farm. Yet great opportunity for profit is 
afforded on the majority of farms through alfalfa culture alone. Every 
farm should have its proper proportion of alfalfa acreage in order that 
the most economical feed system be carried on in the management of 
its feeding interests. 

Alfalfa is now successfully grown in every county in Nebraska. 
On the west side of the State where semi-arid conditions exist, there 
the most successful crops of both hay and seed have been produced. 
Moist conditions, and where much rainfall prevails during the late sum- 
mer and autumn season, are the greatest difficulties encountered in 
growing and handling the crop successfully. The one great need now in 
alfalfa culture is a cheap and convenient cover for the hay, which under 
present conditions is stacked open to the weather and subject to serious 
loss from water soaking. 



THE NEBRASKA COMMISSION TO THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE 

EXPOSITION. 

The members of the Nebraska Commission, appointed by the Gov- 
ernor to represent this great agricultural commonwealth at the Louisiana 
Purchase Exposition to be held at St. Louis in 1904, are among the leading 
citizens of the State. G. W. Wattles, who has been placed at the head of 
this Commission, is a man of long experience in Exposition matters, hav- 
ing held the position of President of the Board of Directors of the Trans- 
Mississippi at Omaha in 1898. The successful management of this Expo- 
sition reflected credit upon its Board, and especially upon Mr. Wattles as 
President, who devoted much of his time and attention to the details of 
Exposition management. Peter Jansen and M. Miller, the other members 
of the Commission, are men of extensive observation and experience in 
western agricultural interests. 

The State appropriation of $35,000 will be made to spread out over 
the agricultural, horticultural, dairy and educational features of Ne- 
braska's resources. The able corps of assistants appointed to carry on 
the work of exhibition outlined by this Commission are in every sense 
practical and deserve the title of experts in their various departments. 
They are: James Walsh, Superintendent of Agriculture; E. M. Pollard, 
Superintendent of Horticulture; S. C. Bassett, Superintendent of Dairy; 
and E. H. Barbour, Superintendent of Educational Exhibit. 



108 



Nebraska's Resources Illu8tra;ted. 






G. W. WATTLES. 



P. JANSEN. 



M. MILLER. 




H. G. SHEDD. 



J. WALSH. 



E. M. POLLARD E. H. BARBOUR. 



Gurdon W. AVattle.«», President of the Nebraska Commission to the 
Louisiana Purchase Exposition, was born in 1855, in New York, and re- 
moved to Iowa in 1865. He lived on a farm until twenty-one years old; 
attended college at Ames, la. Studied law, and admitted to bar in 1880. 
He organized the Farmers' Bank at Carroll, of which he was cashier until 
its reorganization in 1885 as the First National Bank, when he was elected 
President. In 1892 he removed to Omaha to become Vice President of the 
Union National Bankk of which he is now President. Mr. Wattles is a 
stockholder and director in several banks in the west, and western man- 
ager of the Rochester Loan & Banking Co. of Rochester, N. H. He is a 
large stockholder and director in the Omaha & Council Bluffs Street Rail- 
way Co. and in several other street railway corporations. Was President 
of the Trans-Mississippi and International Exposition, the most successful, 
from a financial standpoint, of any ever held in this country. 

Peter Jnnsen, born at Berdjansk, South Russia, on the Sea of Azov, 
March, 1852; came to America in 1873 and located in Jefferson county, 
Nebraska, where he has since resided on the same old homestead where he 
first erected his primitive sod house. Mr. Jansen was among the pioneers 
in the sheep feeding industry in Nebraska, and for many years has been 
one of the most extensive sheep breeders and handlers in the State. His 
annual' sheep feeding comprises from 15,000 to 20,000 head — as many as 
27,000 head have been fed in his yards in a single season. He carries on 
one of the most extensive farming industries in Nebraska, having at the 
present time 2,500 acres under cultivation. He was a member of the State 
Legislature in 1898, a delegate to represent the United States at the Paris 
Exposition in 1900, and is now a member of the Nebraska Commission to 
the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, in the management of Nebraska's ex- 



Commission to World's Fair. 109 



hibit. Peter Jansen is an intensely enthusiastic American citizen, and as- 
serts there is no country on tlie globe equal to America, and no state in 
the Union superior to Nebraska. 

Matt Miller was born in Glasgow, Scotland, February, 1852. His pa- 
rents emigrated to the United States and settled in Wisconsin, in 1853. 
He enlisted in Wisconsin Infantry, served two years, and was mustered out 
of service. Graduated from the Portage City High School; studied law and 
was admitted to practice in Schuyler, Neb., i nl8S0. In the year ISSl, 
located in David City, Neb., in the practice of his profession. Was a mem- 
ber of the Nebraska Legislature in 1885 and 1887. Served two years as 
Mayor of David City, was Judge of the Fourth Judicial District of Ne- 
braska, and is now engaged in the practice of law at David City. He ia 
one of the Nebraska Commissioners to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. 
St. Louis, 1904. 

H. G. Slicdd, Secretary Nebraska State Commission Louisiana Purchase 
Exposition, was born at Ashland, Neb.; graduated from Ashland High 
School and University of Nebraska, after which spent one year in travel 
through Europe, investigating Continental agricultural and industrial con- 
ditions. The past five years has been connected with the Administration 
department of the State University and and Nebraska Agricultural Experi- 
ment Station as Secretary to the Chancellor and Registrar. 

James Walsh, Superintendent of Nebraska's Agricultural Exhibit at the 
Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 1904, was born at Newtown Stewart, Ire- 
land, in 1S51, of Scotch parentage. He left home when eighteen years of 
age, and traveled through the South Sea Islands; spent four years farm- 
ing in New Zealand and Australia; came to the United States in 1873, 
settling in Douglas county, Nebraska, as a farmer, where he has since 
resided. Mr. Walsh has been one of the successful citizens of this State, 
and an enthusiast of Nebraska's resources. In a recent interview he said: 
" I have had the experience of farming in the British Isles, in New Zealand 
and Australia, and thirty years in Nebraska; and, without fear of con- 
tradiction, I proclaim that there is no district of country that the sun ever 
rose or set on that equals Nebraska for the successful production of so 
large a variety of diversified farm crops having a demand in the markets 
of the world." 

E. M. Pollard, Superintendent of Horticulture of the Nebraska Exhibit 
at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition at St. Louis, is a product of Nebraska. 
Was born in 1869, on a 1,200-acre farm at Nehawka, where he has lived 
since, except when attending the Nebraska State University, where he 
graduated in 1893. Orcharding has been the principal occupation of the 
subject of our sketch, except when engaged in public work. The Pollard 
apple orchard is one of the largest in the State, there being over 200 acres 
devoted to it. Its yield last year was 8,000 barrels. Mr. Pollard was twice 
a member of the State Legislature. 

Er^viu Hinckley Barbour attended Miami University. Oxford, Ohio: re- 
ceived degree B. A. from Yale University in 1882, and was at onie ap- 
pointed Assistant Palaeontologist in U. S. Geological Survey, serving until 
1889. Received Ph. D. from Yale in 1887. Professor Geology and Natural 
History at Iowa College, 1889 and 1890; Professor of Geology at University 
of Nebraska since 1891, during which time he has served as State Geologist. 
He is a member of a number of scientific societies, and has 110 published 
papers and reports. Was appointed by the Nebraska Commission as Su- 
perintendent of Nebi-aska Educational exhibit at Louisiana Purchase Expo- 
sition at St. Louis. 

Lucius A. Sherman, Professor of English Language and Literature in 

the University of Nebraska since 1882, was born in Massachusetts in 1847; 
graduated from Yale in 1871; degree Ph. D. same institution in 1875; taught 
Hopkins Grammar School, New Haven, Conn., nine years. Written reviews 
and papers, de luxe translation " Frithiof's Saga," "Analytics of Litera- 



110 



Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 



NEBRASKA'S REPRESENTATIVES IN THE UNITED STATES 
CONGRESS. 

Commencing with the organization of state government in 1867, 
Nebraska has been represented in Congress by the following members: 

FORTIETH CONGRESS— 1SG7-69. 
John Taffe. 

FORTY-FIRST CONGRESS— 1SG9-71 
John Taffe. 

FORTY-SECOND CONGRESS— 
1871-73. 
John Taffe. 

FORTY-THIRD CONGRESS— 1873-75 
Lorenzo Crounse. 

FORTY-FOURTH CONGRESS— 
1S75-77. 
Lorenzo Crounse. 

FORTY-FIFTH CONGRESS— 1877-79 
Franck Welch, and Thos. J. Majors 

to fill vacancy. 
FORTY-SIXTH CONGRESS— 1879-81. 
E. K. Valentine. 
FORTY-SEVENTH CONGRESS— 
1881-83. 
E. K. Valentine. 

FORTY-EIGHTH CONGRESS— 
1883-85. 
First District — A. J. Weaver. 
Second District — James Laird. 
Third District — E. K. Valentine. 
FORTY-NINTH CONGRESS— 1885-87 
First District — A. J. Weaver. 
Second District — James Laird. 
Third District — G. W. E. Dorsey. 

FIFTIETH CONGRESS— 1887-89. 
First District — John A. McShane. 
Second District — James Laird. 
Third District — G. W. E. Dorsey. 
FIFTY-FIRST CONGRESS— 1889-91. 
First District — W. J. Connell. 
Second District — James Laird, ac- 
count of death, Gilbert L. Laws to 

fill unexpired term. 
FIFTY-SECOND CONGRESS— 1891-9 J 
First District — W. J. Bryan. 
Second District — W. A. McKeighan. 
Third District— O. M. Kem. 
FIFTY-THIRD CONGRESS— 1893-95. 



First District — W. J. Bryan. 

Second District — D. H. Mercer. 

Third District — Geo. D. Meikeljohn. 

Fourth District — E. J. Hainer. 

Fifth District — W. A. McKeighan. 

Sixth District — O. M. Kem. 

7IFTY-F0URTH CONGRESS -1895-97 

First District — J. B. Strode. 

Second District — D. H. Mercer. 

Third District — Geo. D. Meiklejohn. 

Fourth District — E. J. Hainer. 

Fifth District — W. E. Andrews. 

Sixth District — O. M. Kem. 

FIFTY-FIFTH CONGRESS— 1897-99. 

First District — J. B. Strode. 

Second District — D. H. Mercer. 

Third District — Samuel Maxwell. 

Fourth District — Wm. L. Stark. 

Fifth District — R. E. Sutherland. 

Sixth District — Wm. L. Greene. 

FIFTY-SIXTH CONGRESS— 1899-01. 

First District — E. J. Burkett. 

'Second District — D. H. Mercer. 

Third District — John S. Robinson. 

Fourth District — Wm. L. Stark. 

Fifth District — R. D. Sutherland. 

Sixth District — Wm. L. Greene, ac- 
count of death, Wm. Neville to fill 
unexpired term. 

FIFTY-SEVENTH CONGRESS— 
1901-03. 
First District — E. J. Burkett. 

Second District — D. H. Mercer. 

Tliird District — John S. Robinson. 

Fourth District — Wm. L. Stark. 

Fifth District — A. C. Shallenberger. 

Sixth District — Wm. Neville. 

T'IFTY-EIGHTH CONGRESS— 1903-0.-> 

First District — E. J. Burkett. 

Second District — G. M. Hitchcock. 

Third District — J. J. McCartney. 

Fourth District — E. H. Hinshaw. 
Fifth District — G. W. Norris. 

Sixth District — Moses P. Kinkaid. 



SOLDIERS' AND SAILORS' HOME. 

The Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, located at Milford, was estab- 
lished in 1895, when an appropriation by the Legislature was made for 
renting and maintaining a soldiers' home. The building consists of a 
three-story brick, 44 by 84 feet. In 1899 the Legislature made an addi- 
tional appropriation of $13,000 for the purchase of this property, with 
thirty-seven acres of ground. There was also need for a hospital, and 
$5,000 additional was appropriated for the building of a hospital. The 
present capacity of this Home is 100 persons. 



Heads of State Departments. 



Ill 




HEADS OF DEPARTMENTS OF STATE- 

Beginning at left in order, standing, is: 

1. Adna Dobson. State Engineer of Irrigation. 

2. John Davis, State Board of Cliarities. 

3. Geo. L,. Carter, Fish and Game Commissioner. 

4. Burritt Bush, Commissioner of Labor. 

5. L.. M. Seothorn, Assistant Quartermaster General. 

6. Ed Royee. Secretary State Banking Board. 
7,. J. H. Culver, Adjutant General of State. 

7. EA \f Church, State Oil Inspector. 

NEBRASKA'S RArLROADS. 

Nebraska has three distinct great lines of railroad dividing its ter- 
ritory from east to west. The Chicago and North-Western, on the 
north side of the State, extending from east to west with its main 
line, and very completely covering the northeast one-third of the State 
with its tributaries, is the recognized controlling railroad of North 
Nebraska. The Burlington & Missouri River railroad is principally on the 
south side, extending its main line from east to west through the State. 
It has also a main line extending through the northwestern part of 
Nebraska, and numerous tributaries connecting with the main line, form- 
ing a complete network of roads over the greater portion of the south 
one-third of the State. 

The Union Pacific, extending from east to west through the central 
portion of the State, using the Platte Valley for its main line of road as 
it passes westward on its course to the Pacific coast, has likewise 
availed itself of the tributary country through which it passes. These 
three great representative lines represent the pioneer railroads of Ne- 
braska and control the trade of the greater portion of the State. 

The Rock Island and the Missouri Pacific have lines extending 
through the eastern part of the State. Nebraska has 5,698.74 miles of 
railroad to its credit. 



112 



Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 



THE SOUTH OMAHA UNION STOCK YARDS. 

The present capacity of these yards is estimated at 800 cars of 
cattle, 20,000 head; 450 cars of hogs, 30,000 head; 140 double decks of 
sheep, 35,000 head, and 50 cars of horses, 1,000 head. Eighty acres are 
now covered with pens, barns, sheds and other buildings, all built in 
the most complete and substantial manner for handling live stock. 

The large feeding districts of Nebraska, Iowa, Missouri and Kansas 
contribute heavily from theii' feed yards in the fat stock shipped to 
South Omaha. In range and stock cattle. Western Nebraska, Colorado, 
Wyoming, Montana, South Dakota and all the range country west of 
these are in the natural line of shipment to South Omaha, and send 
their surplus to these yards for sale. The field of supply from which to 
draw trade, places South Omaha at great advantage over any other central 
market in the country, and this fact alone emphasizes the certainty with 
which South Omaha is to take the leading place as a live stock market 
and packing center. 

TOTAL. RECEIPTS OF STOCK FOR TWENTY YEARS. 



Years. 



I Cattle. I Hog-s. 



Sheep. 



Horses 

and 

Mules 

^489 

2,027 

2,999 

3,344 

5.271 

7,5.')0 

5,069 

8,7.51 

14,113 

12,248 

8.294 

7,077 

9,347 

6,r,72 

10,392 

34,255 

59.645 

36.391 

42.079 

52,829 

328,742 



1884 
1885 
18S6 
1887 
188S 
1889 
1890 
1891 
1892 
1893 
1894 
1895 
1896 
1897 
1898 
1899 
1900 
1901 
1902 
1903 



Total 



88,603 
116,963 
148,515 
239,377 
3.j5,923 
473,094 
615,337 
601,002 
755,059 
852,456 
821,512 
586,103 
586,578 
810,949 
812,244 
837,563 
828,204 
818,003 
1,010.815 
1, 071,1 77 
12,429,477 



3,686 
152,524 
447,019 
1,056,524 
1,262,647 
1,224,691 
1,702,723 
1,537,387 
1,613,384 
1,406,451 
1,932.677 
1,186,726 
1,216.370 
1,610,981 
2.101.387 
2,216,482 
2,200,926 
2.414,052 
2.247,428 
_2, 230, 067 
29,76.5,132 



5,593 
19,484 
41,490 
79,422 
172,138 
152,517 
153,873 
169,865 
188,588 
252,273 
243,945 
204,870 
358,005 
627,160 
,085,136 
,086,319 
,276,775 
,314,841 
.742,539 
,863,763 



I 11,038,596 



Total number of stock received in 1903, 53,602,929. 



NEBRASKA IRRIGATION ASSOCIATION. 

The Nebraska Irrigation Association was organized in 1895, to pro- 
mote and encourage the development of the arid and semi-arid areas of 
the State. This Association has been of great advantage in securing 
practical irrigation laws, and in its general work of encouraging irriga- 
tion improvement along the streams on the western side of Nebraska. 
It holds its annual meetings regularly, and has an active and energetic 
membership, who are persistent in urging irrigation improvements for 
the uncertain rainfall districts. 

The present officers of the Association are as follows: President, 
A. G. Wolfenbarger, Lincoln; Vice President, W. H. Wright, Scotts Bluff; 
Secretary, H. O. Smith, Lexington; Treasurer, W. H. Fanning, Crawford; 
Members of Executive Committee, to act with officers: Hon. J. S. 
Hoagland, North Platte; Henry E. Lewis, Lincoln; C. G. Crews, Cul- 
bertson; F. G. Hamer, Kearney. 



Omaha the Metropolis. 113 



OMAHA THE METROPOLIS OF NEBRASKA. 

Omaha, known in past history as the Gate City to the West, is one 
of the most substantial and prosperous cities on the continent, with a 
population of approximately 125,000 people, and the prospective ad- 
vantage it will receive by becoming a central grain market for the surplus 
of the great grain growing districts that surround it on all sides, is a 
guarantee of its rapidly increasing greatness. It is a city of labor and 
industry. There is no other city of its size with so small a per cent of idle 
people. Omaha may truthfully be called a city of activity, labor and 
business. Its population increases as its demands for increased labor 
develops, thus a healthy, prosperous growth has marked the building of 
one of the most substantial business cities in the central west. Its jobbing 
trade for 1903 was $101,387,-500; for 1902, $90,300,000; for 1901, $73,100,000; 
for 1900, $62,500,000. Increase 1903 over 1902, $11,087,500. Percentage of 
increase 1903 over 1902, 12%; 1903 over 1901, 38%; 1903 over 1900, 62. 

Omaha is reached by the following railroads: Burlington and 
Missouri River, Chicago & Great Western, Chicago, Milwaukee & St. 
Paul, Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & 
Omaha, Chicago & North -Western, Illinois-Central, Missouri Pacific, 
Wabash, Union Pacific. 

It has 100 miles of street railway, and street railway connection 
with several outside towns. Five of the largest packing establishments 
in the United States are located at Omaha, where $70,000,000 of products 
from the farm and ranch were handled by these establishments during 
1903, and where $5,000,000 to $6,000,000 are paid annually as wages for 
handling this produce in its varied processes of preparation for the con- 
sumer. The Grant smelting and refining works, the largest mill of its 
kind in the United States, is located at Omaha. The gold refined during 
1903 is $3,357,328 less than during 1902; the silver is $139,904 more than 
during 1902; the lead is $710,173 more this year; the copper is $375,188 
less than during 1902; and the blue vitriol is for 1903 $62,169 more. In 
production the amounts are: Gold, $10,190,081.00; silver, $13,352,397.00; 
lead, $9,800,073.00; copper, $90,522.00; blue vitriol, $376,888.00; total, $33- 
809,961.00. The largest wholesale business west of Chicago is handled 
by the wholesale dealers of Omaha, and this is steadily increasing in 
capacity as the requirements of the country tributary demand. 

Omaha has inherited a wealth of agricultural resources in the coun- 
try naturally tributary to it, that guarantees a constantly developing 
trade in all lines of business that a prosperous and enterprising people 
demand in the natural course of good living. Omaha is called upon to 
furnish the material to build up a great, undeveloped country to the west, 
northwest and southwest of it, and in exchange handle the produce of the 
greatest producing district on the globe. Omaha's growth will necessarily 
be rapid in order to take care of its rapidly increasing resources. 



OMAHA A GRAIN MARKET. 
Omaha is the center of the greatest grain producing district in the 
West. But notwithstanding its location, surrounded as it is on all sides 
by extensive grain growing territory, there has never been a determined 



114 



Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 



effort upon the part of its citizens to make it more than a local grain 
market. In the summer of 1903, after the Great Western railroad had 
built into Omaha, its President, Mr. Stickney, asserted his intention of 
making Omaha a grain market, by giving such rates as would attract 
elevators, mills and grain dealers to it. The need of a central grain stor- 
age point for the vast millions of bushels of grain grown for the com- 
mercial and shipping trade in the territory tributary to Omaha, needed 
no argument, and Mr. Stickney's proposition at once met with approval 
and indorsement by the business men of Omaha. A proposition for the 
establishing of a grain exchange was introduced in the Commercial 
Club in October, and was followed by the organization of the Omaha 
Grain Exchange November 11, with a capital stock of $250,000, 500 shares 
of $500 each. The stock was largely taken by the business men of 
Omaha. The opening up of the Omaha Grain Exchange for buriness 
commenced January 1, 1904, under the guidance and management of the 
above named officers. 




OFFICERS OF THE NEW OMAHA GRAIN EXCHANGE, 



Commercial and Family Orcharding. 



115 



OFFICERS OF THE NEW OMAHA GRAIN EXCHANGE. 

1. N. B. Updike, President of the Updike Grain Co. 

2. A. L. Reed, President of the Byron Keed Real Estate & Loan Co. 

3. Nathan Merriam, President Merriam & Holquist Grain Co. 

4. A. B. Jaquetli, Late Vice President of tlie Omaha Elevator Co. 

5. G. W. Wattles, President of the Exchange, ex-President of the Trans- 

Mississippi Exposition, Commissioner to the St. Louis Exposition, 
Vice President Union National Bank. 

6. E. E. Bruce, Director of the Trans-Mississippi Exposition, President 

of E. E. Bruce & Co., Wholesale Druggists. 

7. A. C. Smith, Junior Member M. E. Smith & Co., Wholesale Dry 

Goods Co. 

8. F. P. Klrlvendall, Director of the Trans-Mississippi Exposition, Presi- 

dent F. P. Kirkendall & Co., Wholesale Boots and Shoes. 

9. S. A. McAVhorter, Vice President of the Exchange, President Mc- 

Whorter, HoUinger & Sunderland Grain Co. 



COMMERCIAL AND FAMILY ORCHARDING. 

The commercial orchard industry in Nebraska has received consid- 
erable attention within the past twenty-five years. In view of the com- 
mercial feature of growing fruits, hundreds of orchards of forty to one 
hundred and sixty acres have been started and the most satisfactory 
results obtained in tree growth, and fairly profitable results in the annual 
yields of fruits from these orchards. Owing to the care and labor in 
orchard cultivation, with the uncertainty of satisfactory crop yield, the 
work of orchard development has passed into the hands of orchard 
specialists, with better prospective results for the future. 

The family orchard, on the Nebraska farm, is one of the present day 
improvements, and a recognized necessity with the up-to-date farmer. 
The very large list of varieties of fruits naturally adapted to Nebraska 
soil and climate makes the cultivation of the family orchard an easy 
and sure proposition with the home builder. Nebraska has long since 
passed the experimental stage in fruit culture, and is today a land of 
gardens, orchards, groves and prospective forests. 




FRUIT ORCHARD AND NURSERY, MARSHALL BROS., ARLINGTON. 



116 Nebraska's Rsources lllistrated. 



THE GRASSES OF f.LBRASKA. 

The grasses of Nebraska combine Id represent a greater value than 
any other crop produced in the Stat-^ Tliere are approximately IGO va- 
rieties in Nebraska. Of this numt«jr 140 are native or wild varieties. 
These wild grasses are in a measure peculiar to certain localities and 
conditions of soil and climate. How are they distributed in the State? 
Professor Bessey of the University of Nebraska, who is the recognized 
authority on grasses, having spent many years in the study of the native 
and introduced grasses of the State, divides the grass districts into four 
regions, as follows: The wooded, bluff and meadow land region on the 
east side of the State, commencing at the Missouri River and extending 
west twenty to thirty miles. The next, or second, region, which he calls 
the prairie region, as distinguished from the region beyond it, called the 
sand hills region. There are 72 species of wild grasses in the wooded 
or bluff region, 81 in the prairie region, and in the sand hills region 119. 
Westward froji this is the foot hills region, where there are 89 species, 
which plainly shows that the sand hills district is the best region in the 
State, in pasture values. This very astonishing statement of the grasses 
of Nebraska is a surprise to all who have not given the matter the 
investigation and scientific research employed by this eminent authority, 
Professor Bessey. 

The same authority says there are only three grasses in the first 
region along the Missouri River that are peculiar to it, not found else- 
where in the State. In the prairie region there are sixteen, and in the 
sand hills there are twenty, while in the western region there are three 
peculiar to that section and not found elsewhere. 

"What are some of these peculiar grasses? Let us throw the regions 
all together and call it the Great I'lains Region. We have here one grass 
that, as soon as you get out of the State, east or west, you do not find; you 
go north or south and you will find it — that is the buffalo grass. The area 
in the TTnited States over which the buffalo grass is found is a long narrow 
strip, taking in Nebraska and lapping over a very little into Iowa, running 
down into Kansas and Texas; then on the west side, just keeping in front 
of the mountains, and running away north into British America. Now 
that is the area in which the buffalo grass is found. You go over in East- 
ern Iowa and there is no buffalo grass there. The buffalo grass is a native 
plains plant. It came into being here, and it means this, if it means any- 
thing, that the buffalo grass is adapted especially and particularly to the 
conditions that prevail on the Great Plains, extending from away up in 
British America down to Texas. 

" 'IMien we have a family of grasses which are known as grama grasses. 
The gramas are very near relatives of the buffalo grass. Of these gramas 
there are perhaps half a dozen species in the State. They are taller than 
the buffalo grass and are different, in that in the gramas the two sexes 
are in the same flower, while in the buffalo grass the sexes are separated. 
The result is that the buffalo seeds very sparingly, and the gramas produce 
seeds rather abtindantly. The gramas occupy the same region with the 
buffalo grass, only the gramas wander a little more. Taking this same 
strip where the buffalo grass is found, the gramas run a little to the east 
and west of this, extending north and south and lapping over into the moun- 
tains further, and into the prairies on the east farther." 

There are also a number of sand grasses that are peculiar to the 
sand hills, and with the buffalo and gramas make the main dependence 
for winter feed. 

In tame grasses Nebraska has all the standard hay and pasture 
varieties in successful cultivation. The only reason there has not 
been a general concentration on the tame grasses and a wide area under 



Rainfall and Moisture. 



117 



cultivation is the strong position the wild varieties have taken in the 
estimation of live stock growers and feeders. Timothy, clover, alfalfa, 
brome grass — in fact all the tame hay grasses have been remarkably 
successful. Nebraska is rapidly becoming the greatest hay and pasture 
state in the Union. Its wild grasses have no equal as a pasture, and its 
wild hay is linding a market wherever hay feed is demanded. 



1899 19.51 inches 

1900 24.46 

1901 . . .' 22.76 

1902 29.09 



RAINFALL AND MOISTURE CONDITIONS IN NEBRASKA. 

The average annual precipitation, in periods of ten years, com- 
mencing with 1849, is as follows: 

1849 to 1858 27.72 inches 

1859 to 1868 20.15 

1869 to 1878 24.41 

1879 to 1888 25.03 

1889 to 1898 21.37 

The average annual precipitation for Nebraska for the past fifty-four 
years has been 23.84 inches. For the eastern side of the State it is ap- 
proximately thirty-two inches, while for the extreme western side it 
may be placed at eighteen to nineteen inches. 

The districts of lightest precipitation will raise successful crops if 
the average rainfall is evenly distributed during the growing season. The 
seasons of failure over the dryer sections of the State are universally 
due to periods of drouth during the growing season, an irregular distri- 
bution of the rainfall, more than lack of moisture sufficient to produce a 
crop. 

It does not require as much moisture in Western Nebraska, under 
semi-arid conditions, to grow a successful crop as it does on the eastern 
side of the State. A few seasonable showers from seed time to harvest, 
produces the desired crop. Some varieties of corn will mature and pro- 
duce a crop on the western side of Nebraska, with much less moisture 
than is required on the eastern side. 

The alfalfa plant is semi-arid in its perfect development. It has 
been found that alfalfa on the western side of Nebraska will produce 
double the seed yield, and better quality, than it will on the moist soils 
of the eastern side of the State. The native pasture and hay grasses 
of Western Nebraska produce good crops even under conditions of drouth 
and insufficient moisture. 

Nebraska is admirably adapted to crop production, since its climatic 
^influences are met by plants naturally suited to the varied conditions. 



NUMBER AND ACREAGE OF FARMS AND VALUE OF FARM PROPERTY, 

CLASSIFIED BY PRINCIPAL SOURCE OF INCOME, WITH 

PERCENTAGES— (CENSUS REPORT, 1903.) 



/'riiicrpal SourQ--e 


No. of 
Farms. 


No. Of 


Acres in Farms. | 


Value of Farm 
Property. 


Ave. 








of Income. 


Total. 


PerCt 


Total. 


Perot. 


The State 


121,525 

59,509 

978 

285 

53,895 

2,833 

101 

38 

44 

3,842 


246.1 

192.9 

80.6 

46.6 

317.8 

216.8 

122.2 

6.3 

90.3 

149.1 


29,911,779 

11,477,161 

88,648 

13,281 

17,128,839 

614.328 

12,339 

241 

3,975 

527,967 


100 
38.4 
.3 

' '57'.3" 
2.1 

'"I'.g" 


$747,950,057 

350,640,840 

2,844,230 

1,022,060 

367,390,827 

11,567,430 

514.300 

248,805 

302,910 

13,418,655 


100 


Hay and grain .... 
Veg-etables 


46.9 
.4 
.1 


Live stock 

Dairy produce .... 


49.1 

1.6 

.1 


Flowers and plants 
Nursery products . . 
Miscellaneous 


"l'.8 



lis Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 

THE OLD PEOPLE'S HOME. 
The Old People's Home, of Omaha, was started twenty years ago. 
It was formerly the " Old Ladies' Home," and was free, the Home being 
supported by contributions. Those entering since August, 1903, are 
obliged to pay $300.00 a j^ear. Applicants are admitted on probation six 
months, must be 65 years old, and must have lived in Omaha three 
years. This institution in December, 1903, was the home of nineteen 
old people. The management consists of a board of nine directors and six 
officers, the President being Mrs. Geo. Tilden of Omaha. 



NEBRASKA INSTITUTION FOR FEEBLE MINDED YOUTH. 

This institution was established by the State of Nebraska in 1885 
for the benefit of the feeble minded children between the ages of five and 
eighteen years, who, by reason of their affliction, are denied the educa- 
tional advantages of our public schools and who, likewise, because of 
their physical weakness, are necessarily dependent. Children, residents 
of Nebraska, who are feeble minded, and those who, by reason of their 
being backward, are unable to receive the benefits of the common 
schools and ordinary methods of instruction, are entitled to care and 
training free of charge, except the expense of necessary clothing and 
transportation to and from their homes. Aside from the school duties, 
the girls are taught sewing, house work, cooking, and all branches of 
domestic employment, while the boys are instructed in brush making, 
carpentering, farm work, and other branches of employment that may 
be useful to them in after life. Seven instructors are employed. 



NEBRASKA INDUSTRIAL HOME. 

This institution is located at Milford, and came into existence in 
1888. The object for which it was founded was to shelter, protect and 
help reform wayward, unfortunate girls who seek the protection of the 
Home. With this laudable purpose in view a number of the benevolent 
women of Nebraska secured the establishment and control of this Home. 
The Legislature of 189G-7 took it from their control and placed it in the 
hands of the Governor. Mr;?. A. M. Edwards served as Superintendent 
until May, 1902, and was succeeded by Margaret Kealy. 

In 1902 over 550 girls, of an average age of nineteen and a half years, 
had sought the shelter and care of the Home. Eighty-two adults and 
babes were cared for in 1902. Each inmate enters for a term of one 
year, and is taught plain and fancy cooking, laundry, general house- 
work, and plain sewing, as well as the branches of study given in our 
common schools. In addition to these practical helps toward fitting them 
for useful lives, they receive religious instruction. 

The cost of maintaining the Home is about $10,000 a year. The 
per capita cost of maintenance in 1902, based on the average weekly at- 
tendance (63), computed upon the entire expenditures, was $3.03 per week. 

A source of revenue to the institution are the products of the 
forty-acre farm — ^the fruit trees, vegetables, poultry, hogs and dairy 
products, amounting to $1,331.47, under the management of Mrs. A. M. 
Edwards — a good showing on a land appraisement of $2,400; an enterprise 
that the State has reason to feel proud of, both in its charitable work 
and its economical management. 



Educational Institutions. 119 



STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. 

The State Normal School, located at Peru, has five large and com- 
modious buildings, finely equipped with all modern conveniences. The 
grounds are beautiful, and the location is healthful and free from the 
annoyances usual to the city or town. This school is ably presided over 
by the Principal, Professor Clarke, and a highly competent corps of in- 
structors. Hundreds of graduates have been sent out from this school 
to fill the highest and most responsible positions as teachers in the best 
schools in Nebraska and adjoining states. The value of the Normal 
School is becoming a matter of common information, and school boards 
everywhere are demanding the normaj school trained teacher. 

Nebraska's last Legislature provided for a second Normal School, 
which was located by the authorized committee at Kearney, where grounds 
and suitable buildings are being provided. 



STATE HOME FOR THE FRIENDLESS. 

The State Home for the Friendless is located near Lincoln on 2.07 
acres of ground; has five buildings and a small greenhouse. The main 
building, school building and laundry are brick; the hospital and barn are 
frame. The first two are two stories and basement, the laundry two 
stories, with boiler room in basement. The main building has kitchen, 
store room, girls' room, children's dining room, girls' play room, boys' 
wash room, office, parlors, old ladies' dining room, sleeping rooms, halls, 
nijjrsery, girls' dormitory and clothes room. The school building has in 
basement boys' play room, wash room, kindergarten room and engineer's 
room. First floor — chapel, school room, matron's room, boys' dormitory 
and wash rooms. Second floor — boys' dormitory, bath room, sleeping 
rooms, etc. Every department of this institution is carried on in a sys- 
tematic and careful manner and is one of the most deserving public 
institutions in the State in the interest of charity. 



NEBRASKA'S PRIVATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 

Nebraska's educational advantages are fully in accord with the in- 
crease in population and business development of the State. Colleges, 
academies, seminaries and schools of a higher order of learning are 
springing up wherever the demand seems to warrant their existence. 
Nebraska has a population of exceptionally high order intellectually, 
and the encouragement of private educational institutions is the natural 
result of a prevailing ambition for advanced learning. The latest edu- 
cational statistics show that there are in the State sixty-five private 
educational institutions — schools that do not come under the general 
classification of public schools and do not receive their support or main- 
tenance from the public school funds of the State, or by State appropria- 
tion. 

The list of private educational institutions given in this connection 
comprise some of the very be§t schools in the country, and as a whole 
are much above the average of those found in the older eastern states. 
The property value controlled by these schools is estimated above 
$2,500,000, which item of itself indicates a highly prosperous condition 
of business among these institutions of learning. 



120 



Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 



The following is a list of private schools and their locations in the 
State: 



NAME OF INSTITUTION AND P. O. 



Bellevue College, Bellevue 

N'western Bus. & Nor. Col., Beatricje 

St. James Orphanage, Benson 

Cotner University, Bethany 

Trinity Seminary, Blair 

Neb. Central College, Central City . . . 

Union College, College View 

St. Francis Academy, Columbus 

Doane, Crete 

Chadron College, Chadron 

Ursuline Convent, Falls City 

Franklin Academy, Franklin 

Fremont Normal College, Fremont.. 
Grand Island College, Grand Island.. 
Grand Island Nor. & Bus. Col., G. Isl'd 

St. Mary's School, Grand Island 

Hastings College, Hastings 

Queen City Bus. College, Hastings . . 

St. Francis School, Humphrey 

Academy of St. Catherine, Jackson... 
Kearney Nor. & Bus. Col., Kearney.. 
Kearney Military Academy, Kearney . 

Convent, Lincoln 

German Evan. Luth. School, Lincoln.. 
Lincoln Business College, Lincoln... 
Lincoln Neb. Con. of Music. Lincoln.. 
Nebraska Col. of Oratory, Lincoln.... 
St. Theresa Parochial H. S.. Lincoln.. 
St. Francis de Sales Cath. S. Lincoln. 

The Lincoln Academy, Lincoln 

Uni. of Neb. School of Music, Lincoln 

Gates Academy, Neligh 

Nativity Convent, North Platte .... 

Danish High School, Nysted 

Boyles' Com. & S. H. College, Omahn. . 

Brownell Hall, Omaha 

Creighton University, Omaha 

House of Good Shepherd, Omaha .... 

Immaculate Conception, Omaha 

Mount St. Mary's Seminary. Omaha . . 

Omaha Com. College, Omaha 

Ong's Neb. Bus. & S H. Col., Omaha. . 

Sacred Heart Academy, Omaha 

St. Oloysius, Omaha 

St. Berchman's Academy, Omaha .... 
St. Catherine's Academy, Omaha .... 

St. John's Academy, Omaha 

St. Joseph's Omaha 

St. Mary Magdalen's, Omaha 

St. Patrick's, Omaha 

St. Peter's, Omaha 

St. Philomena's Par. School, Omaha . . 

University of Omaha, Omaha 

Van Sant's Shorthand School, Omaha 

St. Wancelaus. Omaha 

Orleans Seminary. Orleans 

Pawnee Citv Academy, Pawnee City.. 

Plainview Normal, Plainview 

St. John's, Plattsmouth 

St. Agnes, South Omaha 

Neb. Wesleyan ITniversity, Uni. Place 

Luther Academy, Wahoo 

Nebraska Normal College. Wayne.... 
Weeping Water Acad., Weeping Water 
York College, York 



c5 



12 



90 

40 



90 

50 

272 

97 

67 

51 

60 

36 

485 

129 



58 

44 

90 

136 



110 



20 
53 

225 



160 
35 
38 
52 
48 
59 
30 

148 



303 



140 



754 

120 
12 
50 
14 
20 
50 

200 
26 
60 
40 
48 

268 
15 
80 
44 
42 
60 

or; 
128 

254 
71 

432 
55 

169 



84 
50 



IS 

125 

255 

134 

67 

92 

90 

49 

396 

106 



69 
37 

40 
65 
65 
95 



105 

52 

125 



160 
35 
39 

263 
57 
70 
15 

104 
80 
17 
80 

120 
72 

398 

230 
38 
75 
71 
60 
88 

200 
30 
72 
62 
82 
59 
96 

100 
31 
69 
65 
75 

257 

258 
36 

579 
60 

181 



3tf 

175 
174 

90 
230 
110 
175 
527 
231 
169 
143 
150 
143 
1225 
235 
300 
138 

81 
140 
280 

65 
205 



125 
105 
350 
402 



320 

70 

77 
325 
105 
129 

45 
313 

80 
320 

80 
260 

72 

1152 

350 

50 
125 

85 

80 
138 
400 

56 
132 
102 
130 
327 
111 
180 

75 
111 
125 
100 
385 
512 
107 
1011 
115 
350 



223 



U 



120,000 



60,000 

100,000 

26,000 

20,000 

200,000 

25,000 

51,000 

72,000 

10,000 

14,000 

125,000 

60,000 

25,000 

5,000 

35,000 



6,500 
20,000 
12,000 



50,000 



100,000 



32,400 

32,400 

18,000 

5,000 



40.000 

215,000 

40,000 

6,500 

82,000 



55,000 
30,000 
40,000 
25.000 
15,000 
25,000 
5,000 
15,000 
23,00J 
27,000 
116,500 



5,000 
20,000 
20,000 
20,000 



25,000 
75,000 
15,000 
50,000 
4,000 
45,000 

112,200,900 



Nebraska's Territorial Governors. 121 



NEBRASKA'S TERRITORIAL GOVERNORS. 

The first Governor was Francis Burt of South Carolina, who filled the 
office from October 16, 1854, to October 18, 1854; died October 18, 1854. 
Vacancy filled temporarily by Secretary T. B. Cuming to February 20, 
1855. 

The second Governor was Mark W. Izard, from February 20, 1855, to 
October 25, 1857; resigned October 25, 1857, and vacancy filled by Secre- 
tary T. B. Cuming to January 12, 1858. 

Third Governor, Wm. A. Richards, from January 12, 1858, to Decem- 
ber 5, 1858; died December 5, and vacancy filled by Secretary J. Sterling 
Morton until May 2, 1859. 

Fourth Governor, Samuel W. Black, from May 2, 1859, to February 
24, 1861; resigned February 24, 1861, to enter army; vacancy filled by 
Secretary J. Sterling Morton until May 15, 1861. 

Fifth Governor, Alvin Saunders, from May 15, 1861, to February 21,1867. 



STATE FARMERS' INSTITUTES. 

The Farmers' Institute work was commenced in Nebraska as early 
a-s 1887. Only a few meetings, however, were held at first, and as the 
interest increased, the force of Institute workers was added to by using 
the best available instructors. Organized effort in this line of education 
was first taken up by the State University, resulting in F. W. Taylor 
being appointed Superintendent of Institute work for the State. By a 
special act of the Legislature there was a biennial appropriation of 
$6,000 made for paying the expenses of carrying on this work, and under 
this provision the Farmers' Institute system of education has grown 
until now there are Institutes held in every part of the State, and the 
demand for Institutes is beyond the ability of the Superintendent to 
supply. 

Prof. F. W. Taylor was the first Superintendent of the movement in 
Nebraska, and continued in charge until 1899, when he resigned, and 
Prof. E. A. Burnett succeeded him. 



THE WILD FRUITS OF NEBRASKA. 

The wild fruits of Nebraska have from the earliest history of the 
State been a matter of much interest to everyone who has had the pleas- 
ure of witnessing them in their fruiting season and tasting of their 
delicious flavors. In plums, many varieties have been foimd, varying in 
color, size and quality. In single thickets of only a few acres, along 
streams or ravines, there have been counted twenty odd varieties, vary- 
ing in shade from a cream color to yellow, green, purple, scarlet, red 
tinged with all shades of yellow. Some varieties are large, of excellent 
quality and open free from the stone, resembling very much the tame 
plums, while others are quite juicy and have little of the solid flesh 
properties resembling the tame varieties. Wild cherries, strawberries, 
raspberries, currants, gooseberries, grapes, mulberries, elderberries and 
sand cherries are found in various parts of the State in great abundance. 
In the northern part of the State, along the streams in the sand hills and 
in the draws, these wild fruits exist in great profusion. 



122 



Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 



NEBRASKA STATE POULTRY ASSOCIATION. 

The State Poultry Association is one of the oldest organizations in 
the State. It was organized in 1884, under its present system of govern- 
ment. Prior to that date there was an organization, but it did not hold 
regular annual meetings and exhibitions. On November 15, 1892, the 
State Poultry Association became an incorporated body, and for several 
years has been receiving an annual State appropriation of $1,000 for the 
encouragement of poultry improvement in the State. This appropriation 
is used in premiums and maintenance of the annual poultry shows, 
which are held twice a year; the fall show in conjunction with the State 
Fair, and the winter show at Lincoln during the convention week of State 
associations. The Nebraska Poultry Association has acquired the repu- 
tation of being one of the best managed associations in the country, and 
its annual shows are of a highly interesting and educational character. 

The officers for 1903 are Judge T. L. Nerval, Seward, President; 
E. B. Day, Fremont, Vice President; Rev. L. P. Ludden, Lincoln, Secre- 
tary; I. L. Lyman, Lincoln, Treasurer. Directors — C. M. Lewelling, 
Brownville; David Larson, Wahoo; E. E. Smith, Lincoln; C. Rockhill, 
Harvard; W. A. Irvin, Wilber. 



THE NEBRASKA PRESS ASSOCIATION. 

This Association was organized in 1872. At that early date it was 
known as the Nebraska Editorial League. The object of the Association 
is to encourage and promote the mutual friendship of its members, and 
the best interests of the profession. Annual meetings are held regularly, 
and an active membership of about 200 maintained. There are now G30 
weekly and daily publications in the State. The officers of this Asso- 
ciation are: Adam Breed of Hastings, President; W. J. Purcell of 
Broken Bow, Secretary-Treasurer. 



H. R. Smith, reared on a 640-acre stock farm, at Somerset, Hillsdale 
county, Mich.; graduated with highest honors from Michigan Agricultural 
College in 1895; spent one year in graduate study in University of Wis- 
consin; Acting Professor of Agriculture University of Missouri, 1900-3001; 
came to University of Nebraska as Assistant Professor of Animal Husbandry 
October, 1901; made Associate Professor, 1902, and full Professor, 1903. 
He bought, fed and exhibited at the Chicago International Live Stock Show. 
1903, the Nebraska steer "Challenger," the Grand Champion Steer of 
America. See fourth picture at right in row 5, page 19. 



VALUES OF SPECIFIED CLASSES OF FARM PROPERTY AND OF FARM 
PRODUCTS 1860 TO 1900. 







tn 










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men 


-3 


• 






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a c 


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u 



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3 




otal 
Far 


^•3 
- c 

5* 


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53^ 




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$747,9,^0,0.57 


$.=577,660,020 


1 $24,940,450 


$145,349,587 


$162,696,386 


1890 .. 


611,799,810 


402,358,913 


16.468.977 


92,971,920 


66.837.617 


ISSO .. 


147,193,723 


105,932,541 


7,820.917 


33,440,265 


31,708,914 


1870 .. 


38,343.087 


30,242.186 


l,r)49.716 


6.551,185 


8,604,742 


1860 .. 


5,212,761 


3',878,326 


205,664 


1,128,771 





Nebraska National Guards. 



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124 Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 



LIST OF ADJUTANT GENERALS. 

S. J. Alexander, 1879; E. P. Roggen, 1883; John C. Bonnell, 1885; 
C. N. Baird, 188G; A. V. Cole, 1887; Victor Vifquain, 1891; J. D. Gage. 
1893; P. H. Barry, 1895; J. N. Kilian, 1901; L. W. Colby, 1901; J. H. 
Culver, 1903. 

LIST OF BRIGADE COMMANDERS. 

Brigadier General, L. W. Colby, 1887-189G; Brigadier General, C. J. 
Bills, 1896-1898; Brigadier General, P. H. Barry, 1901. 

LIST OF FIRST REGIMENT COMMANDERS. 

Colonel, L. W. Colby, 1881-1887; Colonel, O. H. Phillips, 1887-1890; 
Colonel, J. P. Bratt, 1890-1898; Colonel, J. N. Kilian. 1900-1901; Colonel. 
H. L. Archer, 1901-1903; Colonel, V. C. Talbot, 1903. 

LIST OF SECOND REGIMENT COMMANDERS. 

Colonel, Franklin Sweet, 1887-1890; Colonel, C. J. Bills. 1890-189G; 
Colonel, Wm. Bischof, Jr., 1896-1898; Colonel, A. E. Campbell, 1889-1900; 
Colonel, Wm. Hay ward, 1901-1903; Colonel, J. W. McDonald, 1903. 

The Indian War. — In the latter part of 1890 the Sioux Indians at 
Pine Ridge Agency in South Dakota began to make trouble, which in- 
creased to such an extent that in January, 1891, the entire Guard was 
sent to the northern part of the State and distributed along the line of 
the C. & N.-W. Railway, and north of there, where they remained twelve 
days, this in the middle of winter. The Indians were quieted by U. S. 
troops without their getting into the State. 

Spanish-American War. — For this service the State furnished three 
regiments of Infantry and one troop of cavalry. The First Regiment was 
mustered into the United States volunteer service on May 10, 1898. at 
Lincoln, and left for San Francisco and the Philippines on May 16. This 
regiment did splendid service, and brought honor to themselves and to 
the State. The regiment returned to San Francisco, and was mustered 
out there August 23, 1899. This organization had enrolled during the 
period of service 1.376 men; and lost, killed in battle, 21, died of wounds, 
13, of disease, 30. 

The Second Regiment was mustered in on May 10, 1898, at Lincoln, 
and left for Chickamauga Park. Georgia, on May 20, where they re- 
mained in camp preparatory to the advance on Cuba; but the war ended 
without their being called further, and they were returned to old 
Fort Omaha and mustered out there on October 24. 1898, having lost 27 
men by disease and accident. 

The Third Regiment was mustered in at old Fort Omaha on July 
13, 1898, and moved to Jacksonville, Fla., on July 18. From there sailed 
to Havana on December 30, where they remained until the next April, 
when they were returned to Augusta, Ga., and mustered out there on 
May 11, 1899. Lost from disease, 30 men. Troop A, Nebraska National 
Guard, was mustered in as Troop K, Third U. S. Cavalry, at Lincoln, on 
May 14, and moved on May 20 to Chickamauga Park, Georgia, remaining 
there until September 8th, when they were mustered out. 

The officers fnr the war with Spain are as follows; 



Boys' Industrial School. 125 

PRESENT OFFICERS NEBRASKA NATIONAL GUARD. 

FIRST REGIMENT. 

Colonel, John P. Bratt; Lieutenant Colonel, Geoge P. Colton; Major, 
John M. Stotsenberg-, Harry B. Mulford, Fred A. Williams; Adjutant, Frank 
D. Eager; Quartermaster, Lincoln Wilson; Surgeon, Frank D. Snyder; 1st 
Assistant Surgeon, Charles L. Mullins; 2d Assistant Surgeon, Robert P. 
Jensen; Chaplain, James Mailley. 

SECOND REGIMENT. 

Colonel, Charles J. Bills; Lieutenant Colonel, Emil Olson; Majors, 
William S. Mapes, Ernest" H. Tracy; Adjutant, Willard S. Harding; Quar- 
termaster, Frank H. Myers; Surgeon, Maurice A. Hoover; 1st Assistant Sur- 
ireon. Michael A. Rebert; 2d Assistant Surgeon, James G. Marron; Chap- 
lain, Joseph G. Tate. 

THIRD REGIMENT. 

Colonel, William J. Bryan; Lietuenant Colonel, Victor Vifquain; Major, 
John H. McClay, Conrad F. Sharmann; Adjutant, First Lieutenant Chas. 
F. Beck; Quartermaster, First Lieutenant Wm. F. Schwind; Surgeon, Major 
Ole Grothan; 1st Assistant Surgeon, Ralph J. Irwin; 2d Assistant Sugeon, 
Albert P. Fitzsimmons; Chaplain, Captain Edward F. Jorden. 
GOVERNOR'S STAFF. 

Adjt. Gen., Jacob H. Culver; Q. M. and Com'y Gen., George E. Jenkins; 
Insp. Gen.. Charles J. Bills; Surg. Gen., Carroll D. Evans; Judge Adv., John 
Ehrhardt; Gen. Aides, Clarendon E. Adams, Clarence J. Miles, Jacob S. Dew, 
Samuel M. Melick, Joseph W. Thomas, Herbert P. Shumway, Charles W. 
Kaley. 

FIRST BRIGADE, NEBRASKA NATIONAL GUARD. HEADQUARTERS, 
GREELEY CENTER. BRIGADE STAFF. 

Com'ding, Patrick H. Barry; Ass't Adjt. Gen.. George E. Gascoigne; Sur- 
geon, R. Emmet Giffen; Ass't Q. M., John R. Quein; Commissary, WfO M. 
Stoner. 

FIRST REGIMENT, NEBRASKA NATIONAL GUARD. HEADQUARTERS, 
BROKEN BOW. REGIMENTAL FIELD AND STAFF OFFICERS. 

Com'ding Col., V. Claris Talbot; Lieut. Col., Joseph A. Storch; Major, 
Warren R. McLaughlin, Charles M. Richards, George Lyon, Jr.; Q. M., 
Arundle M. Hall; Commissary, William R. Brooks; Surgeon, Willis E. Talbot: 
1st Ass't Surgeon, James B. Hungate; 2d Ass't Surgeon, Emil C. Underburg; 
Chaplain, Orien W. Fifer. 

SECOND REGIMENT. HEADQUARTERS. FAIRBURY. REGIMENTAL 
FIELD AND STAFF OFFICERS. 

Com'ding Col., John W. McDonnell; Lieut. Col., Fred J. Bolshaw; Major, 
John C. Hartigan, Oliver G. Osborne, Ernest H. Phelps; Adjt., Robert A. 
Clapp; Q. M., Elwin B. Culver; Commissary, Leonard E. Hurtz; Surgeon, 
Frank S. Nicholson; Chaplain, A. E. Knickerbocker. 



U. S. MILITARY POSTS IN NEBRASKA. 

There are three government military posts in Nebraska -where 
United States troops are regularly garrisoned: Fort Crook, near Omaha; 
Fort Niobrara, near Valentine and Fort Robinson, near Crawford. These 
military posts are beautifully located and finely equipped with every con- 
venience and necessity for the health and comfort of the soldiers. From 
one to two regiments are garrisoned at each of these places. 

John H. 3Iickey, Governor of Nebraska, was born in September, 1845, 
near Burlington, la. In the common schools of the day he received his 
early education. At the beginning of the war he enlisted as a private, 
and with his regiment was in service in Eastern Tennessee, with Sherman 
until after the surrender of Atlanta, and with Hood and Thomas in their 
Tennessee campaign. After the war he attended the Wesleyan College at 
Mt. Pleasant, la., for two years and afterwards taught school. In 1867 
he was married to Miss Morinda McCray, and a year later took up a home- 
stead in Polk county, Nebraska, and a few years later removed to Osceola. 
In 1870 he was elected the first County Treasurer, an office he held for 
nearly ten years, when he was elected a member of the Legislature, where 
he was one of the leaders in the house. In 1879 he opened the Osceola 
Bank, of which he has been a President ever since its organization. Gov- 
ernor Mickey has always been a Republican, having cast his first vote for 
Lincoln in 1864. He has been prominent in church work, donating $5,000 
for the Osceola church, $11,000 to the 'V^'^esleyan University at Lincoln, 
and there is hardly an enterprise of his church in the State toward which 
he has not given liberally. He has married twice. Has five children by 
his first wife and four by his second wife. (See pages 12 and 14.) 



126 



Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 




C. J. ERNST. EDSON RICH. JXO. L. TEETERS. W. G. WHITMORE. 



NEBRASKA BOARD OF REGENTS. 
The Board of six Regents are the legal representatives of the 
State University and Agricultural College and Experiment Station in 
every business relation. They employ all officers and instructors and 
fix their salaries; they direct expenditures of money under special in- 
structions from the Legislature for all purposes, including buildings and 
repairs; they report bi-ennially to the Legislature through the Governor 
of the State all their transactions, including the full state of the educa- 
tional work done in every department of the University. The Regents 
are elected by direct vote of the people; they serve for a term of six 
years, two members being elected every alternate year; they re- 
ceive no compensation for their services, but are allowed actual travel 
and hotel expense incurred while attending to the business of the 
University, two meetings of the Board of Regents being required each 
year by statute. 



Carl J. Grnst, born near Goerlitz, Germany, in 1854, settled with his 
parents at Nebraska City in 1868. He was employed in a book and sta- 
tionery house; tlien in Otoe County National Bank. Later entered the 
services of the B. & M. Railroad Company Land Department at Lincoln as 
clerk, then as cashier. Since 1890 has been Assistant Land Commissioner 
in charge of the Nebraska Land Grant; on June 1, 1903, appointed Assistant 
Treasurer of the Burlington System west of the Missouri River. Was 
elected Regent of University of Nebraska in November, 1901, for six 
years' term. 

John Lewis Teeters was born in Johnson county, la.; graduated from 
High School and Commercial College; graduated from Iowa State Univer- 
sity in 1886; studied law and admitted to the bar in Nebraska, 1890; en- 
tered wholesale jewelry business at Lincoln in 1892, in which he is still 
engaged; elected Regent University of Nebraska in 1899; has never been 
a candidate for any other office. 

Charle.s S. Allen, one of the recently elected members of the Board of 
Regents of the State University, was born in Manchester county, Michigan, 
in 1864. Was raised on a farm until eighteen years old; attended the 
country schools and later an academy at Benzonia, Mich., for two years; 
graduated from the University of Nebraska in 1886 with degree of A. B. ; 
studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1889; commenced the practice 
of law at Lincoln in 1894; in 1896 took the post-graduate course in Ameri- 
can History, and next year received degree of A. M. ; served on Lincoln 
School Board from May, 1897, to May. 1903. 



Horticultural Society. 127 



"W. G. Whltiaore, of Valley, recently elected Regent of the University 
of Nebraska, has been actively identified with the state agricultural in- 
terests for twenty-five years, coming here from Massachusetts in 1878, and, 
with his brother Frank, locating in the valley between the Platte and 
Elkhorn Rivers, where they have developed a fine farm of 1,000 acres, oa 
which they have raised and fed live stock. In recent years their farm has 
been turned into a feeding-in-transit station for stock coming over the 
Union Pacific railroad from the ranges of the west to Omaha and Chicago 
markets. In 1902 three-fourths of a million head of stock were fed here, 
and probably the number will reach a million this year. Mr. Whitmore 
has served successively as President of the Nebraska Dairymen's Associa- 
tion and Improved Stock Breeders' Association, Treasurer of the Nebraska 
Beet Growers' Association, and for fourteen years Treasurer of the Valley 
school district. He owns the Valley Opera House, and is connected with the 
Valley State Bank. He has twice been a member of the State Legislature. 
Mr. Whitmore succeeded ex-Governor Furnas as State Statistical Agent of 
the U. S. Department of Agriculture. In this capacity he has over 300 
crop reporters, mostly farmers, over the State, whose estimates of crop 
and live stock conditions are compiled every month, thus keeping the De- 
partment at Washington accurately informed on agricultural conditions. 
Mr. Whitmore's successful business experience and constant contact with 
the semi-educational activities of the State render him a useful member 
of the Board of Regents. 

Edson Rich, born at Griggsville, 111.; came to Brownville, Neb., on 
steam boat in 186.5; spent his early boyhood days at Brownville and grad- 
uated from the High School there. Entered the University of Nebraska in 
fall of 1879 and graduated June, 1883. Then spent a year in John Hopkins' 
office, taking post-graduate course in Political Economy and International 
Law; then went to Lincoln, read law with the firm of Harwood, Ames & 
Kelly. Admitted to the bar in 1887; remained with Harwood, Ames & 
Kelly until 1890. Removed to Omaha and began practice. Was a member 
of the Legislature the winter of 1897, in the Lower House. Made Assistant 
General Attorney for the Union Pacific Railroad Company in 1900, which 
position he holds at present time. Was elected Regent for a six-year term 
in the State University in the fall of 1899. Married in fall of 1900. 



THE NEBRASKA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 

The organization of the Nebraska State Horticutlural Society took 
place at a meeting held on the 29th day of September, 1869, on the State 
Fair grounds at Nebraska City. At this early day there had quite a 
sentiment spread over the State in the interest of fruit culture. Tests 
had been made in various localities, especially in and around Platts- 
mouth and Nebraska City, which established fruit growing, as not only 
a possibility but a certainty. 

Among those early day advocates of horticultural development were' 
the following persons, who were listed as charter members of the State 
Association, and whose names go down in the State's history as founders 
of this most worthy enterprise: R. W. Furnas, F. A. Tisdel, Benton 
Aldrich, Nemaha County; J. H. Masters, Oliver Horner, O. P. Mason, J. 
H. Gregg, J. B. Merton, J. Hoagland, J. Sterling Morton, J. M. Taggart, 
H. K. Raymond, J. H. Croxton, Otoe County; P. W. Hitchcock, Geo. B. 
Graff, Alvin Saunders, L. A. Walker, Douglas County; David Butler, Lan- 
caster County; J. B. Weston, Gage County; Jonathan Edwards, Dodge 
County; J. W. Hollingshead, Pawnee County; Wm. D. Wilson, Des Moines, 
la.; J. W. Pearman, Davenport, la. J. H. Masters was elected President; 
R. W. Furnas, Secretary, and O. P. Mason, Treasurer. 



128 



Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 




J. H. MILLARD. 



LEE SMITH. 



G. S. CHRISTY. 



L. RUSSELL. 



Joseph II. Millard, United States Senator from Nebraska, was born in 
1836, the son of natives of the United SStates temporarily residing in 
Canada. He received his early education in Iowa, and later removed to 
Omaha where he engaged at first in real estate business. He was Director 
and afterwards President of the Omaha National Rank, which position 
he now holds; for one term he was Mayor of Omaha; six years Government 
Director of the Union Pacific Railroad, and subsequently a stockholder in 
the company and a member of the directory for seven years. He -was 
elected to the United States Cenate in March, 1901; his term will expire in 
March, 1907. He is a widower, and has a grown son and daughter. 

Lee Smith, President of the Nebraska Corn Improvers' Association, 
was born in Steuben county, Indiana, in 1863. He came with his father to 
Washington county, Nebraska, in 1879. Mr. Smith has been a prominent 
grower of seed corn in Nebraska for several years, and a successful ex- 
hibitor at the fairs.' 

G. S. Cliristy, President of the Nebraska State Horticultural Society, 
is one of the most enterprising fruit growers in the State. He is a recog- 
nized old settler in Nemaha county, and was its Representative in the 
State Legislature in 1903. Mr. Christy has acquired an enviable reputation 
as a grower of small fruits. 

L. M. Russell was born in 1856 on the old Russell homestead near 
Vandalia. 111. In 1872 removed with his father to Southwestern Iowa, where 
they engaged in tlie nursery business until 1881, when they came to Ne- 
braska, locating near Wymore. and started in the nursery and fruit growing 
business. Was elected President of the Nebraska State Horticultural 
Society in 1902, and Secretary in 1903. 



(Continuation of Horticultural Society.) 
The next meeting was held at Brownville on January 5, 1870, at which 
time a constitution and by-lays were adopted, and the annual winter fruit 
show was introduced as a feature of the Society, which has been carried 
down to the persent time. The varieties of fruits exhibited at this show, 
which was held thirty-three years ago, were Winesap, Rome Beauty, 
Rawles Jenet, Dominie, Milam, Ben Davis and a few others. The selec- 
tion of a recommended list of both large and small fruits was taken up 
as a part of the work of the Association, and a committee was appointed 
for tills purpose, it being deemed wise to at once benefit by the expe- 
rience and tests already made by various members. Thus the intelligent 
planting of orchards commenced in Nebraska at an early day, which ex- 
plains why there are now so many commercial orchards in the south- 
eastern part of the State, that produce their annual crops of fruits with 
such marked regularity in yield and quality. 

The orcharding and tree planting industry has been carried forwara 



Banks of Nebraska. 129 



by later advocates and specialists until the horticultural conditions of 
Nebraska are a recognized leading feature in our general agriculture. 
The State Association has been a powerful factor in this work, and de- 
serves the well merited commendation of forcing land owners to kelp 
themselves to the benefits and riches that fruit growing adds to the 
improved farm and home. The orchard improvements, on the farms of 
Nebraska, have added millions of dollars to their value, and millions 
more will follow, as time moves on and the orchard acreage increases. 

At a meeting held at Omaha June 15, 1870, the Society was honored 
by the presence of Marshal P. Wilder of Boston. Charles Downing of 
Newburg, N. Y., and Messrs. Elwagner and Barry of Rochester, N. Y. 

Officers elected from 1872 .to 1904 are as follows: J. H. Masters, Presi- 
dent, 1872, '73, '86; Vice President. '83. J. T. Allen, Vice President, 1872, '73; 
President, 1874, '75; Secretary, 1883. '84, '85. R. W. Furnas, Secretary, 1872, 
'73; President, 1877, '78, '79, '80. D. H. Wheeler, Treasurer, 1872, '73, '74; 
Secretary, 1875, '76, '77, '78 '79, '80, '81, '82. J. "W. Moore, Secretary, 1874. 
E. N. Grennell, Vice President, 1875, '77, '80; President, '81. John Evans, 
Treasurer, 1875, '76, '77, '78. S. B. Hobson, President, 1876. Hiram Craig, 
Vice President, 1876. Charles Mathewson, Vice President, 1878, '79. Chris 
Hartman, Treasurer, 1879 to '87. S. Barnard, Vice President, 1881; President, 
'82, '83, '84, '85; Secretary, '86, '87, '88. R. N. Day, Vice President, 1882, '85, 
'86; President, '87, '88; Secretary, '91. Mrs. R. H. Stratton, Vice President, 
1887. W. R. Harris, President, 1888; Vice President, '89, '90. Peter Young- 
ers, Jr., Treasurer, 1888 to 1904. F. W. Taylor, President, 1889, '90, '91; 
Secretary, '92, '93, '94. E. F. Stephens, President, 1892 to '96. D. U. Reed, 
Vice President, 1892, '93, '94; Secretary, '95. G. A. Marshall, Vice Preisdent, 
1895, '96; President. '97, '98, '99, '00. '01. J. H. Hadkinson, Secretary, 1396; 
Vice President, '97, '98, '99. C. H. Barnard, Secretary, 1897 to 1902. L.. M. 
Russell, Vice President, 1900, '01; President, '02; Secretary, '03, '04. G. S. 
Christy, Vice President, 1902; President, '03, '04. W. J. Hesser, Vice 
President, 1903, '04. 

These last officers were elected at the January meeting, 1903, and 
hold office until June, 1904. The Society holds its annual exhibition of 
fruits in the Horticultural Hall, State Fair grounds, and gives to fruit 
growers $1,000 to $1,300 in premiums each year. Five experiment sta- 
tions in different parts of the State are maintained at the expense of the 
Society, that are bearing excellent " fruits " for the horticultural interests 
of the State. An annual report is published containing the proceedings 
of the Society for the year. These reports were printed as a part of the 
agricultural report until 1884, but since then they have been published in 
a separate volume of from 200 to 300 pages, and a file of all the reports 
makes a very complete horticultural library, as nearly everything per- 
taining to horticulture has been discussed at these meetings by the best 
posted men in this and neighboring states. Among the charter members 
of this Society the name of J. Sterling Morton is found, a citizen of 
Nebraska who won a world-wide reputation as " Father of Arbor Day," 
and as a member of Cleveland's cabinet. Four members — FHmas, 
Saunders, Butler and Crounse — have occupied the Governor's chair in 
Nebraska; while Mason was one of the most noted judges in the early 
history of the State. 

THE BANKS OF NEBRASKA. 

The 1902 report of the Department of Banking of the State of Ne- 
braska, issued under date of May 1, 1903, shows that the total deposits 
in incorporated, private and savings banks, under State supervision, were 
as follows, for the years: 1892, $24,891,113.29; 1893, $17,208,476.14; 1894, 
$18,074,832.43; 1895, $14,200,775.62; 1896, $10,227,537.93; 1897, $13,902,- 
940.36; 1898, $18,225,180.14; 1899, $21,666,111.12; 1900, $25,894,059.37; 1901, 



130 Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 



$31,431,358.54; 1902, $34,487,619.26; 1903 (September 5), $38,401,448.47; 
1903 (November 25), $37,073,882.24. There were on November 25, 1903, 
501 banks under State supervision and reporting to the State Banking 
Board, having a paid up capital of $8,018,100.00 and with deposits aggre- 
gating $37,073,882.24. On November 25, 1902, there were 476 hanks, 
with an aggregate paid up capital of $7,833,000, and with deposits aggre- 
gating $34,487,619.26, showing an increase of 40 in number of banks 
reporting December 10, 1901, an increase of paid up capital of $573,950, 
and an increase of deposits amounting to $3,157,154.90. The total number 
of depositors in State banks November 25, 1903, were 116,484, and Sep- 
tember 5, 1903, 113,829, as against 97,518 December 10, 1902, and 95,052 
December 10, 1901. Average amount of credit to each depositor, 1903, 
$326.00, as against $353.45 in 1902, $329.45 in 1901. Amount of deposit 
per capita, 1902, of entire population of the State, based upon last census, 
$32.27, as against $29.32 in 1901. Amount of deposit per capita of entire 
population of State in national banks, 1902, $51.88, as against $52.18, 
1901. Amount of deposits per capita of population of State in all banks 
of Nebraska. 1902, $84.15, as against $81.50, 1901. Average reserve 
State banks, 1902, 28,67 per cent, as against 39.79 per cent, 1901. Average 
reserve national banks per cent of total deposits in available funds, 1902, 
34.35, as against 36.56, 1901. Secretary Royce of the State Banking 
Board gives the following report in detail November 25, 1903: 

RESOURCES. LIABILITIES. 

Loans and discounts. .$34,530,329.29 Capital paid in $ 8,018,100.00 

Overdrafts 452,994.00 Surplus fund 1,426,277.19 

Bonds, stocks, securi- Undivided profits .... 1,935,471.43 

ties, judgments, Dividends unpaid .... 12,244.00 

claims, etc 671,312.07 Deposits 37,073,882.^4 

Due from national. Notes and bills re- 
state and private discounted 199,073.10 

banks and bankers 8,840,255.44 Bills payable 307,151.58 



Banking house, furni- 
ture and fixtures... 1,430,891.14 Total $48.972, 199v64 

Other real estate 366,343.45 

Current expense.s and Number of banks reporting, 

taxes paid 579,566.66 501. 

Premium on United 

States and other Number of depositors. 116.484. 

bonds and securities 1,086.92 

Cash items 92,381.66 

Cash 2,507,199.91 



Total $48,972,199,54 

The banks of Omaha make the following showing: _ 

Nov. 17, 1903. Sept. 9, 1903. Nov. 25, 1902. 

Deposits $24,971,964 $27,469,148 $23,730,927 

Cash resources 10,943,180 12,841,172 9,503,768 

Percentage 43.82 47.75 40. 

Cash resources Include cash and clearing house items on hand, due 
from banks, and government bonds, exclusive of bonds deposited for 
circulation. 

These figures show that, while there was a loss on November 17, 
compared with the previous statement on September 9, in deposits 
$2,497,194, cash resources $1,897,992, percentage 3.93, the same statement 
compared with a year ago shows gain in deposits — $2,241,027, cash re- 
sources $1,439,397, percentage 3.82. 

The total deposits in all Nebraska banks for 1902 was $96,000,000; In 
1903, $121,000,000, a gain of $25,000,000 for 1903, 



Nebraska's Agricultural Standing. 131 



NEBRASKA A STATE OF UNEQUALED RESOURCES. 

Nebraska is the THIRD state in the production of corn. 

Nebraska is the FOURTH state in the production of wheat. 

Nebraska is the FIFTH state in the production of oats. 

Nebraska is tlie FIFTH state in the production of beet sugar. 

Nebraska is the FOURTH state in the production of cattle. 

Nebraska is the FOURTH state in the production of hogs. 

Nebraska is the EIGHTH state in the production of horses. 

Nebraska produces more vine seeds and sugar corn for seed pur- 
poses than all the balance of the United States combined. 

Nebraska has the greatest number of distinct varieties of native 
pasture and hay grasses of any state in the United States. 

Nebraska's native grass pastures on the west and northwest half ef 
the State will produce more pounds of beef to the steer, during the graz^ 
ing season, than can be produced on pasture in any other district of 
country on the continent. 

Nebraska has the largest acreage of wild grass hay lands of any 
state in the Union, and when the hundreds of thousands of acres now 
remote from railroad and used for grazing are turned to hay produc- 
tion, she will stand FIRST as a hay growing state. 

Nebraska has in one body, on the east side of the State, 20,000,000 
acres of land of higher agricultural quality, and now producing more 
value in farm crops than any other tract of land of equal area in the 
United States. 

Nebraska has in one body, on the west side of the State, 29,000,000 
acres of grazing and hay lands that cannot be surpassed as a live stock 
grazing district by any equal area in the United States. 

Nebraska produces the finest feeding cattle in the world, which has 
been abundantly set forth in the " Grand Champion Prize Steer of 
America," the blue-roan Challenger, who so easily won over all com- 
petitors at the International Fat Stock Show and Exposition at Chicago 
in 1903, and the additional evidence of the Grand Champion car load lots 
of steers exhibited by the Nebraska Land and Feeding Company that 
found no equals in the show ring at the American Royal at Kansas City in 
1903, and the same was true of their exhibit at the International at 
Chicago in 1902. 

Nebraska is increasing more rapidly in every line of agricultural 
development, live stock improvement, feeding of live stock, grain pro- 
duction, fruit growing, forestry, etc., than any other state. 

THE BIRDS OF NEBRASKA. 

The history of " Nebraska's Resources Illustrated " would not be 
complete without a brief account of Prof. Lawrence Bruner's investiga- 
tions of the bird resources of the State and their importance as a crop 
saving population: 

"The place where a bird builds its nest and rears its young is just as 
surely home to it as the place of our childhood to us. This being true. 
Nebraska is the home of a relatively large number of distinct species of 
birds of varied habits. Up to the present time we have definite records 
of the nesting of 225 to 230 species and subspecies, while there are 60 others 
which possibly occasionally breed within the State. The nesting of so 
many distinct kinds of birds within a prescribed region is very significant, 
since It is during the growth of the young birds that a large amount of 



132 Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 

highly nutritious food is required. From the standpoint of the farmer and 
fruit grower this fact is of the utmost importance, since most young birds 
are fed almost entirely on an insect diet during the time spent in the nest, 
and for a short time afterwards. This can also be said of many of the birds 
that leave the nest as soon as hatched. Therefore, during the growth of 
the young birds the quantity of such food, which is gathered by the parenj^ 
birds over the entire State must be relatively enormous. Taking as a basis 
for estimation that twenty-flve insects per day is an average diet for each 
Individual bird, and that we have about one and one-half birds to the acre, 
or in round numbers 75,000,000 birds in Nebraska, or approximately 35,000,- 
000 to 40,000,000 pairs that nest here, there would be required 1,875,000,000 
Insects for each days' ration. Should each pair of this large number rear 
four young, there would be required a sufficient food supply for from 140,- 
000,000 to 160,000,000 young birds. If a single bird requires on an average 
25 insects per day, the enormous number of 4,000,000,000 of insects, or 
35,000 bushels of 120,000 insects per bushel, would be" required during each 
day to feed the young birds alone. But young birds need much more food 
than do old ones, and we should at least double this quantity for the young 
birds. Then to this food supply must be added that required by parent 
birds themselves, while taking care of the young, making a grand total of 
86,000 bushels or 107 car loads of 20 tons each, provided we allow 50 pounds 
as the weight of a bushel. Estimating that there is "a single grasshopper, 
katydid, or cricket to each square yard of surface, it would require at least 
650,000 bushels of these insects to cover the State. Not taking into account, 
any of the myriads of other insect forms nor the rapid rate of reproduction 
which is going on among them, these alone would be nearly one-third 
enough insect food for our birds during the year. This being true it Is 
plain that at least twice as many birds could find the proper insect food 
in our State each year." 

Nebraska is rapidly becoming the home of the insectiverous kinds 

of birds, and as it year by year increases in forest growth it will also add 

millions to its present bird population. 



THE BURLINGTON ROUTE. 

' The history of the Burlington Railroad is the history of the West. 

Fifty years ago it was an insignificant local line, thirty-three miles 
long, commencing at Chicago and terminating within a mile or two of 
Aurora, 111. Today its lines traverse eleven of the richest states in the 
Union. Its length approximates 8,300 miles. It employs 40,000 men; owns 
1,300 locomotives, 1,100 passenger and 47,000 freight cars. Its gross 
earnings for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1903, were about $62,000,000, 
and its operating expenses more than $40,000,000. It has a mileage in 
Nebraska of nearly 2,700 miles, approximating about one-half of the total 
railway mileage of the State. 

The value of the benefits it has conferred on the entire West is 
beyond computation. Many of its extensions were undertaken amid the 
sneers of those generally supposed to know whereof they are speaking, 
but who were really in densest ignorance of it. Had the advice of these 
men been followed, the rich territory west of the Mississippi river would 
today be a vast wilderness. When the construction of the greater part 
of what is now the Burlington System was undertaken, the territory 
through which it was to pass was generally supposed to be a barren 
waste, incapable of cultivation, and many were the predictions that the 
whole undertaking would end in financial disaster. The promoters of 
the road fortunately were better informed, and it is to their energy and 
intelligent forethought that the settlement and development of Nebraska 
is in no small measure due. 

The Burlington has by no means reached the zenith of its greatness. 
There remains for it vast territories to occupy and develop, the richness 
and productiveness of which are fully equal to those already paying 
tribute to it. 



Horse Breeding Industry. 



133 



CLASSIFICATION SHOWING NUMBERS AND VALUES OF 
NEBRASKA'S LIVE STOCK (1900.) 



Live Stock. 



Age. 



^ ^ , „ , I Not on 

On Farms and Ranches. j Farms. 



Number. 



Value. 



Av.Val. 



Numb'r 



Calves I Under 1 

Steers | 1 and under 

Steers | 2 

Steers I 3 



Bulls 

Heifers 

Cows kept for milk . 
Cows and heifers not 
kept for milk. . . 

Total 



Colts 

Horses 

Horses 

Mule colts 

Mules 

Mules 

Asses and burros. 



Total. 



and under 
and over 
and over 
and under 
and over 



Lambs 

Sheep (ewes) .... 
Sheep (ram or 

wether) 

Swine 

Goats 

Fowls — chicks. . . 

Turkeys 

Geese 

Ducks 

Bees (swarms) . . . 

Unclassified 

Value of all live 

stock 



2 and over 



Under 1 

1 and under 

2 and over 
Under 1 

1 and under 

2 and over 
All ages 



Under 1 

1 and over 
All ages 
All ages 



754,500 
401,158 
317,360 
119,590 
51,791 
345,275 
512,544 

674,025 



5 8,757,661 
9,303,685 

10,991,720 
5,690,337 
2,567.438 
7,413,817 

17,192,120 

20,552,720 



3,176,243 

66,776 

73,082 

655,460 

6,201 

6,671 

42,252 

732 



851,174 

175,323 
279,073 

56,877 

4,128,000 

2,399 

7,417,837 

118,892 

74,907 

201,503 

52.143 



$82,469,498 

1,284,984 

2,316,583 

33,061,792 

182,875 

293,356 

2,695,229 

116,756 



$39,951,575 

330,358 
1,102,871 

245,269 

18,660.932 

9,126 



2,374,930 

199,563 
5,465 



$145,349,587 



$11.61 


5,627 


23.19 


1,693 


34.63 


1,668 


47.58 


4,349 


49.57 


422 


21.47 


2,060 


33.54 


26,312 


30.49 
1 


1,868 



$31.51 43,999 



$19.24 
31.70 
50.44 
29.49 
43.97 
63.79 

159.50 



1,517 

1,271 

65,833 

398 

160 

2,242 

308 



$56.87 71,729 



1.88 
3.95 

4.31 
4.52 
3.80 



3.83 



133 

5,401 

492 

93,094 

384 



THE HORSE BREEDING INDUSTRY IN NEBRASKA. 

From a small beginning forty-three years ago, Nebraska has ac- 
quired eighth place as a horse producing state. In 1860, when the 
first official census was taken, and while Nebraska was yet a territory 
and represented six times its present area, there were but 4,449 horses 
reported. At the end of the ten years following, the horse population 
had increased to 30,511 head, an average annual increase of 58 per cent. 
The estimate at this census period was made on the original territory, 
since Nebraska at this period was struck off from the original territory, 
and became a State in 1867. 

In 1880 the census shows the horse population for the State of 
Nebraska to be 204,864, an average annual increase for the preceding ten 
years of about 58 per cent. This astonishing increase in the horse popu- 
lation of Nebraska for the twenty years from 1860 to 1880, has had no 
equal in the history of states. 

In 1890 the horse population had increased to 542,036 head, two and 
two-thirds times the number reported in 1880. 



li>4 Nebraska's Resources Illustrated. 



Is 1900 the census credits Nebraska with 795,318 horses, an increase 
of 253,282 head, or an average annual increase of 25,232 horses. 

During all this period of horse development in Nebraska there has 
been a disposition to improvement in quality. The importing of draft 
horses was commenced years ago, and no new district of country in 
the United States has had more and better horses brought within its 
borders and put to use in building up the common horse stock of the 
country than Nebraska. This energetic work of the resident horse im- 
porter stands today as one of the greatest monuments to the memory 
of the enterprise and devotion of our live stock improvers. Hundreds 
of the finest stallions and breeding mares of the improved breeds are 
to be found today scattered over the State, devoted to the work of 
building higher the already excellent standard of the Nebraska horse. 

The Range Horse. — The range horse of the western country has 
acquired a reputation for power of endurance and traveling long distance, 
with apparently slight fatigue, that has made him famous not only 
throughout the United States but throughout the civilized world where 
horse service is demanded and staying qualities appreciated in the 
animal. The range bred horse of the United States has won for himself 
a character peculiar to no other type of the equine race. He is dis- 
tinctly the horse of the western range. His life in the open air, un- 
restrained by man or beast in his free movements, has given him a 
confidence in his ability to take care of himself, that nowhere in the 
animal kingdom is so keenly portrayed as in the fleetness of movement 
in the herd on the range. 

The wild horse exhibits an instinct in his habits and conduct that 
has been greatly admired by those familiar with his sense of caution and 
self preservation. The range bred horse of Western Nebraska is in all 
the essential attributes of vigor and endurance the equal of the wild 
horse, and in point of tractability and quality when broken and put into 
service, he has few, if any, equals in the horse world. 

Thousands of these animals exhibit the splendid form, carriage and 
vigor of the thoroughbred and horses of improved breeding, and when 
put to work have little regard for fatigue or distance on the road. 
Numerous Instances are recorded where teams of these horses have been 
driven to wagon 100 miles in a single day, and with no apparent injury 
to the horses. The influence of climate, the nutritious properties of the 
wild grasses as a feed, the pure water from the running streams, the free 
life on the open range from earliest colthood, all have their bearing to 
bring about this wonderful power of endurance. There is nothing in the 
life of the range horse, as he is now bred, to detract from his health and 
stamina. Every feature of his existence tends to grow him stronger and 
make him more resolute and enduring. It was these properties that 
gave the range horse of the western country his merited prominence in 
the Spanish-American war, and later when his services were in demand 
in the South African war, where his superior endurance again stamped 
him as the most valuable war horse in the world. 

The outlook for the range horse industry in Western Nebraska was 
never so bright, taking all conditions and circumstances having a bearing 
on the business into consideration. 



Soil Maintains Fertility. 136 



NEBRASKA'S SOIL CAPABLE OF MAINTAINING ITS FERTILITY. 

The quality and quantity of soil are the two distinctive features of 
land properties that demand the consideration of the intelligent land 
buyer. The character of the Nebraska prairie in its ability to produce 
crops without exhaustion of the soil, has attracted the attention and in- 
vestigation of scientific and practical agi'iculturists from all parts of the 
world. The usual course of crop rotation which the soils of the eastern 
and southern states demand, in order to maintain their producing capac- 
ity, has not been a requirement on the prairie farms of Nebraska. On the 
contrary, the years of continuous cultivation and deep plowing have 
revealed additional ability in the soil to increase its yield. Numerous 
instances can be cited all over the early settled portions of the state, 
where lands have for more than twenty years in succession produced 
good crops of corn and not a pound of artificial fertilizer has been added. 
These are simply illustrations of what the great area of agricultural lands 
in Nebraska is capable of doing. How long these conditions of natural 
soil fertility will serve the purpose of profitable crop yields cannot be 
estimated, suffice it to say that the almost unlimited depth of soil, with its 
ability to take up the surface moisture and store it in the subsoil for crop 
growth, lends a reasonable belief that a resort to fertilizing materials, 
other than natural vegetation, will never be required in Nebraska. Thus 
a landed expense which has ruined hundreds of communities in the Bast 
and South need never be feared on the broad and fertile prairie farms of 
Nebraska. The record of experience on scores of Nebraska's best pro- 
ducing farms establishes this beyond a doubt. 



STATE INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL FOR BOYS. 

The State Industrial School at Kearney was established in 1870, under 
the name of the State Reform School. The Legislature appropriated 
$10,000 for the erection of the first building and the maintenance of the 
school during the biennium period. The first building was completed In 
1881. In 1891 the Legislature made an appropriation for a Girls' Industrial 
School, to be located at Geneva, to which school the girls were trans- 
ferred March 14, 1892. The Legislature of 1887 changed the name from 
the State Reform School to that of State Industrial School, the name It 
now baars. 

The number of boys committed to this institution, as shown l)y our 
records to this date, is fourteen hundred and eighty-three (1,483). The 
names of the present officers are as follows: B. D. Hay ward. Superintend- 
ent; H. D. Schaff, Assistant Superintendent; A. C. Partridge, Book- 
keeper and Stenographer; Dr. H. S. Bell, Physician; Jas. A. Dallas, 
Manager Grade "B"; J. T. O. Stewart, Manager Grade "C"; Geo. T. 
Day, Manager Grade " D "; D. O. Brown, Manager Grade " E." The names 
of the Superintendents since C. W. Hoxie's administration are as fol- 
lows: James M. Campbell, .John T. Mallalieu, Dr. J. V. Begthol, B. D. 
Hay ward. 



Nebraska's land area will admit of double its present production 
whem improved methods are applied in the cultivation of growing crops. 



136 



Missouri Pacific Railroad. 




Iron 

Mountain 

Route 










The Popular 
Southwest System 

DIRECT LINE 

From Points in Nebraska and Kansas to 
ST. LOUIS — WORLD'S FAIR CITY 



Doable Daily Service between Omaha and 
St. Louie. 

Five Daily Trains each way between Kansas 
City and St. Louis. 

Double Daily Service Colorado, Utah and 
the Pacific Coast. 

Through Pullman Sleeping Cars between St. 
Louis and San Francisco. 

Four Daily Trains between St. Louis, Hot 
Springs, Ark., and Texas points. 

Through Pullman Bleeping Cars between St. 
Lonis, Dallas, Ft. Worth, San Antonio, Galves- 
ton, Laredo, City of Mexico, El Paso and 
Southern California. 

Pullman Tourist Sleeping Cars, Dioing Cars 
and Free Reclining Chair Cars. 







Descriptive Literature, 
etc., oil application. 



maps. Folders, 



H. C. TOWNSEND 

Qeneral Passenger and Ticket Agent 
ST. LOUIS, MO. 







!♦♦« 



Wabash Railroad. 



137 




"Follow the Flag" 





The 

WORLD'S FAIR LINE 



^X^^ 










St. Louis 



Kansas City Chicago Das Moines Detroit 

Council Biuffs Toledo Omaha Buffalo 

EVERYTHING JUST RIGHT 



For All Information Address 

C. S. CRANE, HARRY E. MOORES, 

Q. P. A. Q. A. P. D. 

St. Louis, no. Omaha, Neb. 



138 



Estimate Attendance at World's Fair. 



$75,000 SO 

IN CASH PRIZES 



WILL BE PAID TO ADVERTISE THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION 



Can You Estimato How Many 
P*^og»lc ¥1/ ill Attend tho Great 
St- Louis pBif in 19049 



The 1889 People Whose Esti- 
mates are the Closest Will 
Receive $75.000 00 in CASH 
PKIZKS. You have the same op- 
portuiiliy a» anyone else to ^yio a 
Fortnne. Everything connected with this contest will be with abso ute fair- 
ness to all, for the WORI^D'S FAIR CONTEST CO. of St. Louis has 
depusitedthe money with the MISSOURI TRL'ST CO. whose Certificate of 
Deposit Is herewith given. It has U. S Postal O K. Prizes are the largest ever of- 
fered in any contest, divided as follows for the Nearest Correct Estimates: 

1st prize $25,Oro 

2d prize lO.OOi 

.3d prize 6,000 

4th priz« 2,.50O 

5th prize l.-'iOO 

6th prize 1,000 



Missouri Trust Company 

Capital $2,000,000 St. Louis, Mo., May 20, '03 
This certifies that The World's Fair Contest 
Coini>aiiy, incoriiorated, lias tbie day denosit- 
ed Willi tills company $7.1 000 in gold, for tlie 
pa^ merit of tliii awards in its contest on the 
total paid attendaiK-e at the Louisiana Pur- 
cbiise Exposition. 1904, and that said deposit 
Is held In trust by this company to be paid 
by it to such succ>'S*ful contestants as the 
committee on awards may direct. 

JOS. L. IIAVLEY, 
Treasurer Miasouri Trust Co., 
St. Louis, Mo 



The next 10 prizes, $200 each . . . 2,0o0 

Thenext 20'prizes, $1( 0«ach .. . 2,000 

The next 50 prizes, $.50 each... 2,.500 

Thenext 100 prizes, $'2.5 each... 2,500 

Th«i next 200 orizes, $10 each... 2.000 

Thenext 500 prizes, $5«ach... 2,.")00 

Thenext 1,0U0 prizes, $leach... 1,000 
Sapplementary prizes for earlier 

estimates 15.500 



TOTAL. 



S75.000 



ONE FREE ESTBma TEis given to eacit Meltraslea Farmer 
Subscrilter paying ONE DOLLAR for one full year's 
suhscription in advance; each additional guess 25Cm 



INFORMATION THAT WILL HELP Vol! ESTIMATE 

The total paid attendance at World's Pair, Chicajjo, was 21,-180,141. 

The total paid attendance at Pan- Anieric:-in, Uutfalo, waa 5,306.8.59. 

Tlio total paid attendance at Trans-Mississippi, Omaha, was 1,778,250. 
The official record of the secretary of tlie. World's Fair showing ihe total paid attendance' 
will determine who an; entitled to the prizes and the awards will be made by a committee of 
prominent judges made up of leading business men of St. Louis. 

FILL OUT TUrs OOtTP^V AND SEVD WtTK YOUR ESTI>I%.TB 



NEBRASKA FARMER, Omaha, Mob. 8IR3-Raclosed find $1.00 for one 

yeir's siiliscription to the N ti; ii rt \SK A. F.^BMEE as per yonr SPECI.\L OFFER 
which includes one estimate in the World's Fair QuesBing Contest. Mail paper and 
Engraved Certificate to 



(Name) 



I B6TIM4TB THE TOTAL. PAID ATTENDANCE AT THE 
QEEAT ST LODia WOKI-n'« FAIR TO BE 



(P. O. Address) 



History of Nebraska Farmer. 



139 




O. M. DRUSE. 



EARLY HISTORY OF THE NEBRASKA FARMER. 

My first acquaintance with the Nebraska 
Farmer was in 1875, when J. C. McBride of Lin- 
coln and J. T. Clarkson of Schuyler, Neb., seeing 
the need of such a paper, started it. A paper 
called Nebraska Farmer was started several years 
before, but died for want of patronage. As Ne- 
braska grew, and a better class of farmers came, 
a desire for a better knowledge of western agri- 
culture and stock raising became more manifest. 
It required an effort, and various schemes were sug- 
gested to obtain a respectable subscription list. One 
of the most successful was to run excursions on 
the B. & M. railroad to Lincoln at half fare, plus one dollar, each pas- 
senger to get the Nebraska Farmer one year. 

In 1876 I went East for some agricultural implement advertising, 
but had to take machinery in pay, and returned in three weeks with a 
car load of machinery and half a car load of barbed wire. 

From 1877 to 1879 I was not connected with the Farmer, then bought 
a half interest in it from McBride for $500, Mr. Clarkson having drawn 
out in 1878. McBride diverted the Nebraska Farmer from its proper 
channel into politics and it was used to promote Van Wyck's interests. 
I then bought McBride's interest and continued the publication as a farm 
and stock journal until I sold it to H. E. Heath, in 1886, and I am more 
than pleased to note the steady and permanent advancement it has made 
for the past twenty years. Its publishers have my best wishes for its 
success. O. M. DRUSE, Lincoln, Neb. 



BIOGRAPHIES. Page. 

Allen, Chas. S 126 

Andrews, E. Benj ... 18 

Avery, Samuel 102 

Barbour, B. H..'....109 
Bassett, Samuel C... 53 

Benton, Allen R 18 

Bessey, Chas. E 18 

Blake, L. J 98 

Boyd, Jas. E 10 

Bruner, Lawrence... 18 

Buffalo Bill 70 

Burkett, Elmer J. . . . 44 

Burnett, E. A 97 

Butler, David 10 

Chlssell, W. C 100 

Christy. G. S 128 

Cooper, Geo. B 100 

Crounse, Lorenzo.... 10 

Davis, Ellerv W 102 

Davis, Jas. W 10 

Davlsson, Prof. A. E. 97 

Dawes, Jas. W 10 

Dietrich, Chas. H.... 10 
Dinsmore, John B... 67 

Druse, O. M 139 

Ernst, C. J 126 

Ernst, Wm 76 

Follmer, Geo. D 42 

Fowler, Wm. K 42 

Furnas, R. W 10-67 

Gain, J. H 38 

Garber, Silas 10 



BIOGRAPHIES. Page. 

Haecker, A. L 76 

Heath, Alfred B.. 77-100 

Heath, H. E 98 

Hervey, G. W 100 

Hinshaw, E. H 44 

Hitchcock, G. M 44 

Hitte, Thos. J 98 

Holcomb, Silas A.... 10 

Honeywell, J. K 53 

Jansert, Peter 108 

Kalus, W. J 98 

Kincaid, Moses P. . . . 44 
Knotts, Mrs. M. P...100 

Lawson, L. C 77 

Loveland, G. A 38 

Ludden, Luther P... 78 

Lyon, T. L 78 

Marsh, Cassiu.'^ H. . . . 98 

Marsh, Geo. W 42 

McCarthy, John J. . . 44 
McGilton, Edmund G. 66 
Mcintosh, Hugh F...100 
Mclntyre, Edmund.. 67 
Matthews, Miss Zelta.lOO 

Mellor, Wm. R 68 

Mickey, John H.. 10-125 

Millard, J. H 128 

Miller. Matt 109 

Mortenson, Peter. ... 42 

Nance. Albinus 10 

Nicholson, Henry E.. 18 

Norris, Geo. W 44 

Norval, T. L 53 



BIOGRAPHIES. Page. 

Peters, Albert T. . . . 38 
Peterson, Miss Mae C. 100 

Pollard, E. M 109 

Poynter, Wm. A 10 

Prout, Frank N 42 

Rich, Edson 127 

Robertson, A. H 100 

Rudge. C. H 67 

Russell, E. Z 76 

Russell, L. M 128 

Saddler, Wm. G 77 

Savage. Ezra 10 

Shedd. H. G 109 

Sherman. L. A 109 

Sitting Bull 78 

Smith, H. R 122 

Smith, Lee 128 

Stilson, L. D 49 

Stout. O. V. P 40 

Sweezey, G. D 97 

Teeters. John L 126 

Thayer, John M 10 

Walsh, James 109 

Ward, Henry B 62 

Wattles, Gurdon W..108 

Webster; L. A 98 

Weston, Chas 42 

Weyer, J. 1 102 

Whltcomb, Edwar<l.. 49 

White, M. T 98 

Whitmore, W. G 127 

Williams, G. R 68 

Youngers, Jr., Peter. 68 



;},<,1904 



Index. 



SUBJECTS. Page. 

Asylum for Insane 34 

Alfalfa Leading Crop 106 

Banks of Nebraska. . 129 

Bee Keepers' Association 48 

Beet Sugar Factories 26 

Birds of Nebraska 131 

Boys' Industrial ScIiodI 135 

Burlington Route 132 

Carnegie on Nebraska Cattle 68 

Cattle 68 

Cattle Industry .103 

Chester White Associaiion 105 

Climatic Advantages 8 

Com Improvers' Association 105 

Dairy Industry 55 

Dairymen's Association 54 

Deaf and Dumb Institute 35 

Duroc- Jersey Association 104 

Experiment Station 20 

Farmers' Institutes 121 

Feeble Minded Youth 118 

Fruits of Nebraska (Wild) 121 

Heads of State Departments Ill 

History of Nebraska Farmer 139 

Home for FrienDless 119 

Horse Breeding Industr.v 133 

Girls' Industrial School 31 

Government I..ands 92 

Government Inspection of Meats. 82 

Grain Production 101 

Grand Army of the Rep\iblic 58 

Grasses of Nebraska 116 

Growth of Nebraska 24 

Improved Breeds of Sheep 91 

Industrial Home 118 

Irrigation 71 

Irrigation Association 112 

Labor and Industrial Statistics... 84 

Largest Feeding Enterprise 86 

Live Stock Brand Inspection 80 

Missouri Pacific R. R 136 

Moving the Capitol 55 

Nebraska's Agricultural Standing. 131 
Nebraska Com'n, St. Louis Expo.. 107 

Nebraska Fifty Years Ago 9 

Nebraska's First Postofflce 58 

Nebraska Live Stock Statistics ... 133 

Nebraska NaAonal Guard 123 

Nebraska Press Association 122 

Nebraska Railroads Ill 

Neb. Representatives in Congress. 110 
Nebraska Territorial Governors. . 121 

Old People's Home 118 

Omaha Grain Market 113 

Omaha the Metropolis 113 

Opinions of Prominent Men.. .. 4 

Orcharding 115 

Park and Forestry 39 

Physical Geography 5 

Poland China Association 105 

Possibilities of Nebraska 15 

Poultry Industry 52 

Private Schools 119 

Rainfall of Nebraska 117 

School for Blind 32 

School and Public Libraries 96 

School System 56 

Sheep Feeding Industry 90 

Shorthorn Breeders' Association.. 77 

Soil Maintains Fertility 135 

Soldiers' and Sailors' Home 110 

State Board of Agriculture 64 



SUBJECTS. Page. 

State Board of Regents 126 

State Fish Hatchery 73 

State Historical Society 62 

State Horticultural Society 127 

State Penitentiary. 46 

State Poultry Association 122 

State Normal School 119 

State Swine Breeders' Association . 104 

Stock Breeders' Association 75 

Stock Growers' Assor^iation 79 

Union Stock Yards. So. Omaha.. 112 

University of Nebraska 16 

Wabash R. R 137 

World's Fair Attendance 138 

ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. 

April, 1904 59 

Asylum for Insane 34 

Ayer, Dr. Don C 83 

Beet Sugar Factory 29 

Board of Directors 8 

Buffalo Bill and Sitting Bull.... 2 

Capitol of Nebraska 7 

Cattle in Sand Hills 94 

Congressmen 43 

Corn Bread and Pumpkin Pies. ... 15 

Experiment Station Plats 23 

Fat Sheep at Nebraska Exp. Farm 93 

February, 1904 45 

Feed Yard at Hord's 87 

Girls' Industrial School Building. 30 

Governors of Nebraska 11 

Heads of State Departments Ill 

H. E. Heath's Home 40 

Heath's Ranch 50 

Hatching House and Residence. . . 74 

Hord, T. B 86 

Horticultural Palace 70 

Hospital for Insane 60 

January, 1904 37 

Judging Live Stock 30-21 

July, 1904 95 

June, 1904 85 

Makers of Nebraska Farmer 99 

Map of Nebraska 1 

March, 1904 51 

Marshall Bros.' Nursery 115 

May, 1904 69 

Missouri River at Peru 47 

Nebraska Com'n, St. Louis Expo. .108 
Nebraska Farmer Business Office. 38 

Nebraska Fed Yearlings 61 

Nebraska Nation.al Guard 123 

Nebraska Park Garden 39 

Nebraska Products. 1898 63 

Norfolk Sugar Factory 27 

Officers Omaha Grain Excliange. . .114 
OflScers Shorthorn Association.... 77 

Omaha High School 57 

Oldest Inhabitant 2 

Prize Galloways 78 

Representafives in Congress. . . .13-13 

Sacking Sugar at Factory 28 

Senators 14 

School for Blind 31 

Sod House Home 25 

State Farm 31-32 

State Officers 41 

State Penitentiary 46 

State University H-17 

State University Faculty 19 

Zodiac Signs 33 



This book, "Nebraska's Resources Illustrated." containing 144 pages. 
1b worth 50 cents per copy, yet its publishers, the Nebraska Farmer, will 
fill all orders postpaid at 25 cents per copy while the supply lasts. Every 
patriotic and enterprising citizen of this State should order a large avin- 
ber at once. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




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